MODULE - 2

Information
Technology
Concepts

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IT infrastructure
Includes:
Computing platforms
Telecommunication services
Data management services
Application software services
Physical facilities management
IT management services
IT standards services
IT education services
IT research and development services

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IT infrastructure
Evolution
Electronic accounting machine era – 1930-1950
General purpose mainframe and minicomputer era –
1959 to present
Personal computer era – 1981 to present
Client/server era – 1983 to present
Enterprise internet computing era – 1992 to present

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Components

 Hardware & Software

 Data resources

 Telecommunication Networks

 Internet and related topics

 Programming Languages

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

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 Computer Hardware
• Types of Computer Systems
• Microcomputer systems
• Personal computers, PDA’s, workstations etc.
• Midrange systems
• Network or Web servers, Multi-user systems etc.
• Mainframe systems
• Enterprise systems, Super servers, Transaction
Processors etc.

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 Peripherals
•Monitors

•Printers

•Scanners

•Hard Disk Drives

•CD & DVD Drives

•Backup Systems

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 Input Technologies

•Pointing Devices

•Pen based Computing

•Speech Recognition System

•Optical scanning

•Magnetic stripe

•Smart Cards

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 Output Technologies
•Video Output
•Printed Output
•Storage
• Magnetic Disks
• Floppy disks
• Hard disk drives
• Magnetic Tape
• Optical Disks

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COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Software is the general term for

various kinds of programs used
to operate and manipulate
computers and related devices.

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Overview of Computer Software

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 Types of software

•Application Software: performs information processing tasks for end

users.
• General purpose application programs

• Application specific programs (custom software)

•System Software: manages and supports operations of computer

systems and networks.
• System management programs.

• System development programs.

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 Interface

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 Application Software
Business application software
Software suites
Web browsers
Electronic mail & Instant messaging
Word processing
DTP (Desktop Publishing)
Electronic spreadsheets
Presentation graphics
Personal information managers
Groupware

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 System software
•System management programs:

•System development program:

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 System management programs:
Programs that manage the hardware, software, network and
data resources of computer systems during the execution of
information processing jobs of the user.
Eg.: Operating system, DBMS etc.

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 System development program:
Programs that help users develop information system programs
and procedures and prepare user programs for computer
processing.
Eg.: Programming language translators and editors, CASE
(computer aided software engineering)

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 Operating Systems

-- an integrated system of programs that manages the

operations of the CPU, controls the input/output and
storage resources and activities of the computer system,
and provides various support services as the computer
executes the application programs of users.

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Operating System functions

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 System management Programs
 Microsoft Windows

 Unix

 Linux

 Mac OS X

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Programming Languages

 Machine Language

 Assembler Language

 High level Language

 Fourth – generation Language

 Object oriented Language

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 Programming Languages

 Web languages and services

 HTML

 XML

 Java

 Programming software

 Language Translator programs

 CASE

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 MANAGING DATA
RESOURCES

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Data Resource Management

-- a managerial activity that applies information systems

technology and management tools to the task of

managing an organization’s data resources.

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Foundation Data Concepts
 Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)

 Byte: Group of bits that represents a single character

 Character: A single alphabet, numeric or a symbol.

 Field: Group of words or a complete number.

 Record: Group of related fields

 File: Group of records of same type

 Database: Group of related files

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 Database
File
Record
Field
Data

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Database Structures

 Hierarchical Structure

 Network Structure

 Relational Structure

 Multidimensional Structure

 Object – Oriented Structure

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 Hierarchical Structure

•Organizes data in a tree-like

structure

•Supports one-to-many parent-

child relationships

•Prevalent in large legacy systems

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 Network Structure

•Depicts data logically

as many-to-many
relationships

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Disadvantages of hierarchical and network
structure
 Outdated

 Less flexible compared to RDBMS

 Lack support for ad-hoc and English language-like

queries

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 Relational Structure

DeptNo Dname Dloc Dmgr Eno Ename Etitle Esalary DeptNo

.
Dept A Emp1 Dept A

Dept B Emp Dept B

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Dept C
: Dept C
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

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Multidimensional Database

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 Object Oriented Structure

Inheritance Inheritance

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Database Development

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Disadvantages of Database

 Insufficient data base expertise

 Higher data processing costs

 Increased hardware and software needs

 Data security and integrity

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 TELECOMMUNICATION
NETWORKS
Exchange of information in any form (voice, data, images, audio, video) over
networks.

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Telecommunications:
 Communication of information by electronic means

 Includes digital data transmission as well as voice

transmission

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Functions of Telecommunication Systems
 Transmit information

 Establish interface between sender and the receiver

 Route messages along most efficient paths

 Perform elementary processing of information

 Perform editorial tasks on data

 Convert message speed or format

 Control flow of information

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 Network Topologies

 Star Network: All computers and other devices are connected

to a central host computer.

 Bus Network: Links a number of computers by a single circuit.

 Ring Network: All computers are linked by a closed loop.

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 A Star Network Topology

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 A Bus Network Topology

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 A Ring Network Topology

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 LAN
 Local Area Network: It is a digital communication system

interconnecting a large number of computers and other

peripheral devices within a limited geographical area.
 Require their own dedicated channels

 Encompass a limited distance

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 LAN

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Wide Area Network
 Span large geographical distance
 Consist of variety of cable, satellite, and microwave
technologies
 Switched lines, dedicated lines
 MAN

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INTERNET, INTRANET
AND EXTRANET

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Internet
 The Internet is the world's largest computer network. 

 It is a collection of interconnected networks all freely

exchanging information. 
 It is an ad hoc linkage of many networks that adhere to basic
standards. 
 The Internet has beginnings with ARPANET, a project started
by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1969.
 Internet is the network of networks spread throughout the
world.
 ISP

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Functions of Internet

 Communication

 Information retrieval

 World wide web services

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Uses
Surf
E-mail
Discuss
Publish
Buy & sell
Download
Compute
Other uses

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Benefits to organization

 Generate new revenue from online sales

 Reduce transaction costs through online sales and customer support

 Attract new customers via web marketing, advertising & online sales

 Increase the loyalty of existing customers via improves web

customer service and support

 Develop new web based markets and distribution channels for

existing products
 Develop new information based products accessible on the web

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Problems in internet applications

 Security problems

 Technological problems

 Legal problems

 Traditional internet culture

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Intranet

 An intranet is an internal corporate network built using Internet and

World Wide Web standards and products. 

 It is used by the employees of the organization to gain access to

corporate information. 
 An intranet is an inexpensive yet powerful alternative to other forms

of internal communications. 
 To address security problems, organizations require authorized users

to have an id name and password to access information.

 It also uses encryptions and firewalls.

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Intranet – business value
 Communication & Collaboration
 Web publishing
 Business operations and management
 Intranet portal management

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Extranet
 An extranet is a network that links selected resources of
the intranet of a company with its customers, suppliers,
or other business partners. 
 It is built based on Web technologies. 

 It is a private network accessible through public

infrastructure. 
 Authentication and privacy are critical on an extranet so
that information is protected.

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