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Lecture 1 Policy Analysis
Lecture 1 Policy Analysis
Policy
implementation Policy
Formulation
Decision Making
Policy Analysis
• Is defined as Systematic comparison and evaluation of alternatives available to public
actors for solving social problem
• Policy Analysis is not about intended to determine policy decisions rather to inform
the stakeholders about the reality of the decisions
• Policy process involves both descriptive or empirical study, which tries to determine
the facts of a given situation and a normative or value based assessment of the
options
• Policy Analysis is not a formula for solving public problems, but it can bring valuable
information to both policy makers and public
Policy Analysis
• It is the cost benefit analysis of the policy alternatives, which
attempts to estimate dollar values for all benefits and costs of
policy solutions, which have no explicit market value
• Problem definition gives you a reason for doing all the necessary work to
complete the project and sense of direction for evidence gathering activity.
Usually complaints, threats, worries and troubles provide basis for problem
definition
• Economic Approach
– Cost & Benefit Analysis
– Cost Effective Analysis
– Risk Assessment
• Political & Institutional Approach
– Political / institutional feasibility
• Ethical Analysis
Economic Approach
– It is the implicit or explicit assessment of the benefits and costs (i.e., pros and cons,
advantages and disadvantages) associated with a particular choice.
– Benefits and costs may be monetary (pecuniary) or non-monetary (non-pecuniary,
“psychic”).
Marginal Social Cost (MSC) = additional social costs of producing one more unit of
output
MSB = d TSB/d Q
MSC = d TSC/d Q
Q = quantity of a publicly provided good or service
– Present Value
• Costs and benefits may occur over different periods of time, e.g., costs
for a dam built today may be spent primarily during the initial period of
the project, but benefits will accrue over the lifetime of the dam.
• To account for all costs and benefits in the same units across time
periods, we calculate the present value of net benefits:
• PV(NB) = NB/(1+r)t
Economic Approach
– Present Value
• $100 invested today at an annual interest rate (r) of 4% will be worth $104 in 1 year.
• PV = F/(1 + r),
• where F is a fixed sum of money to be received next year.
Economic Approach
– Value of Life
• Many public programs and projects involve the prevention of loss of life: dams,
maintaining roads, traffic signs, provision of health care, employment of
firefighters, etc.
• How do economists value a life saved (death averted) in the cost-benefit
calculus?
–People who are not working for pay (homeworkers, students, retirees) are valued at 0
–Implies that people with higher wages have higher social value
–Does not account for market imperfections e.g. discrimination
Economic Approach
– CEA is an alternative to CBA. This technique compares the relative costs to the
outcomes (effects) of two or more course of action
– This is most useful when analysts face constrains which prevent them from
conducting CBA
– The most common constrain is the inability of analyst to monetize the benefits
– This is often used in health services, environment or road safety policies where it is
inappropriate to monetize the health effect or safety of life
– CEA measures costs in common monetary value and the effectiveness of an option in
terms of physical units
Economic Approach
• Cost Effectiveness Analysis
– Cost and effectiveness results are incommensurable, they
can’t be judged on the same scale. One can only compute
the ratio of costs to effectiveness
• CE Ratio = C1 / E1
• EC Ratio = E1 / C1
– C1 is cost of option 1, E1 is the effectiveness of Option 1
• CE measures the $ spent on each life saved, most cost-effective
ratio would have lowest CE ratio
• EC ratio measures lives saved per $ spent, most effectives project
should have highest ratio
Economic Approach
• Cost Effectiveness Analysis
• Identify the key policy actor who can / will play important role in the process
• Cohesiveness between policy actors stated position and policy alternative
• Level of interest of policy actors to get involve in the decision making process
• Preferences of the constituencies, which politicians represent
• Likelihood of inviting some controversy
• Media attention on the policy issue
Policy Analysis
• Ethical Analysis
– Following five principles are used for ethical
analysis of any policy alternative
• Integrity
• Competence
• Responsibility
• Respect
• Concern
Policy Analysis
• Ethical Analysis