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Welding Metallurgy: Dr. Eng. Hamed A. Nagy
Welding Metallurgy: Dr. Eng. Hamed A. Nagy
Dr. Eng.
Hamed A. Nagy
Introductory
Nuclei.
Then Grain.
Mechanical properties can be dependent
upon the grain size of the metal.
Effect varies with temperature.
C%
Dr. Eng. Hamed A. Nagy
TTT Diagram
Temperature
%c
Time
Austenite
Stabilizers:
Ni, C, N
%C
%Ni
% Cr
Mechanical Properties.
Corrosion Resistance.
Steel Make-up.
Cast Iron.
Carbon and Low Alloy Steel.
High Alloy Steel.
Code Application.
Dr. Eng. Hamed A. Nagy
Slection of Steel or
Iron Grade
– Strength/ weight ratio.
– Cost per mass or per area.
– Melting point.
– Corrosion and oxidation resistance.
– Stress Corrosion.
– Corrosion Fatigue.
– Compatibility.
– Electrical and magnetic properties.
– Fabrication properties..
– Complexity, section and thickness, weldability.
Strength.
Ductility.
Hardness.
Toughness.
Fatigue Resistance.
Stress
Strain
Dr. Eng. Hamed A. Nagy
Strength
Ability of a material to withstand an applied load.
Tensile strength, shear strength, torsion strength, impact
strength and fatigue strength.
The tensile strength of a metal is described as the ability of a
metal to resist failure when subjected to a tensile, or pulling
load.
Ultimate tensile strength, UTS. (sometimes referred to as
simply tensile strength) relates to the maximum load carrying
capacity of that metal, or the strength of that metal at the exact
point when failure occurs.
Yield strength.
Stress
Strain
Dr. Eng. Hamed A. Nagy
Ductility
Ductility relates to the ability of a material to deform,
or stretch, under load without failing. The more
ductile a metal is, the more it will stretch before it
breaks.
Ductility can affect whether the metal fails gradually
or suddenly when loaded.
'ductile' Vs. 'brittle'
Ductility becomes an even more important property
for a metal which must undergo subsequent forming
operations.
Dr. Eng. Hamed A. Nagy
Stress Strain Curve
Stress
Strain
Dr. Eng. Hamed A. Nagy
Directionality
Ductility and strength can differ in magnitude versus the
direction in which the load is applied relative to direction of
rolling of material during its original manufacture.
Rolling causes the crystals, or grains, to be elongated in the
direction of rolling much more than in the direction transverse,
or across, the rolling direction.
In the transverse direction of the material, the strength may be
decreased as much as 30% and the ductility reduced as much
as 50%, relative to the properties of the rolling direction.
Temperature
Stress
Strain
Dr. Eng. Hamed A. Nagy
Directionality
Absorbed
Energy
Temperature
Dr. Eng. Hamed A. Nagy
DBTT
Energy
Ni
Temperature
Maximum
stress (S)
Maximum
stress (S)