Presented By:

Sachin Anand
893113
M.Tech 2nd Sem
HOW ROUTER FORWARD PACKETS

1. PROCESS SWITCHING

ROUTING TABLE

PC1 PC2

DATA PR IP MAC
HOW ROUTER FORWARD PACKETS

2. FAST SWITCHING

ROUTING TABLE

PC1 PC2

CACHE MEMORY
HOW ROUTER FORWARD PACKETS

3. CEF

PC1 CACHE MEMORY PC2

FIB Table ADJ Table

If it is send from Send it to this This Hop Has this MAC

this network hop address
MPLS

• Industry standard mechanism

• Forwarding decisions based on layer 2 labels

• Labels can corresponds to :

Destination network
QoS
Outgoing interface

• MPLS is service provider technique.

WHERE DOES THE LABEL GO?

DATA PR IP MAC

MPLS LABEL

LABEL EXP BS TTL

BITS: 0-19 20-22 23 24-31

DATA PR IP L3 L2 L1 MAC
HOW MPLS WORKS

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SERVICE PROVIDER
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1. Routing table build.

2. A label is assigned and distributed to
each SP router 12.0.0.0
3. Each SP router build LIB
CLIENT2 4. Then each SP router build Action table CLIENT1
ROUTER ARCHITECTURE WITH MPLS

• CONTROL PLANE

-- Where L3 routing protocol exist

-- Where Label exchange protocols exist

• DATA PLANE

-- Also known as forwarding plane

-- Sends data based on L3 or L2 information
-- Take care of label swapping
MPLS TERMINOLOGY
• Label Switch Router (LSR)/Provider Router

• Edge LSR/Provider Edge(PE) Router

• Label Switch Path(LSP)

• Label Distribution Protocol(LDP)

• Label Information Base(LIB)

Labels match to a network

• Label Forwarding Information Base(LFIB)

What labels should go which directions
HOW DOES MPLS USED?

1. VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (MPLS VPN)

2. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING (MPLS TE)

3. QUALITY OF SERVICE (MPLS QoS)

MPLS VPN
• A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a private network service
delivered over a public (shared) network.

• Two broad categories:

1. Customer-based:
VPN configured on customer located equipment
,IPSec.

2. Network-based:
VPN configured on SP equipment ,MPLS
VPNs
HOW MPLS VPN WORKS

64-bit RD
Customer 1 Customer 1

PE PE
VRF
Customer 2 Customer 2

SERVICE PROVIDER
INTERNET
ADVANTAGES

• Provide security by separating address space and routing

information of customers

• Spoofing is very difficult to accomplish since LSPs have local

significance only

• Used to provide a fully meshed network architecture

• Provide significant cost savings and increased scalability

MPLS TE
• The task of engineering the traffic flows in the backbone
network

• The key characteristics of Traffic Engineering are:

- Avoid congestion
- Apply CBSPF for the traffic flows.
- Provide ISPs better to deliver QoS and CoS

• Implementation of TE requires end-to-end virtual paths across

the network

• MPLS TE automatically establishes and maintains the tunnel

across the backbone, using RSVP.
MPLS-TE ROUTER ARCHITECTURE
MPLS TRAFFIC ENGINEERING OPERATION
• 1. MPLS-TE enabled feature on all the routers in the backbone
network
• 2. Flood
• 3. Identifying the congested links.
• 4. At Router R1
a)Resource requirements for establishing LSP is send to LSP
Management Module

b) LSP MM, requests CSPF module for computing the complete

explicit route (LSP) from R1 to R7

c)LSP MM then triggers the Signaling protocol (RSVP) for

establishment of the complete explicit route (LSP) from R1 to R7.

d) On successful establishment LSP MM updates the LIB with

the Label bindings.
CONGESTION CONTROL

• Two mechanisms:
FATE mechanism
FATE+ mechanism

• FATE provide rebalancing flows during congestion periods by

using priority buffers in LSP routers

• In FATE+ mechanism, the congested LSR makes decision to

solve congestion
MPLS QOS

• MPLS’s connection-oriented nature provides the framework

necessary to give quality guarantees to IP traffic

• While QoS and Class of Service (CoS) are not fundamental

features of MPLS, they can be applied in MPLS networks
where TE is used.

• Two mechanisms:

IntServ(Integrated Services)
DiffServ(Differentiated Services)
 INTSERV(INTEGRATED DIFFSERV(DIFFERENTIAT
SERVICES) ED SERVICES)

Fine-grained, flow-based Coarse-grained, class-based

mechanism mechanism for traffic
management.

RSVP was developed to signal Operates on the principle of

QoS requirements across a traffic classification, where
network each data packet is placed into a
limited number of traffic
classes
Offers traffic bandwidth Does not provide guarantees
guarantees
Not very scalable or practical to DiffServ architecture is a
operate across large networks scalable
INDIA TV DELIVERS THE NEWS WITH
TATA COMMUNICATIONS MPLS
SERVICE
• A major broadcaster in India, which operates an independent
news agency with bureaus and studios throughout the country

• Uses MPLS VPNs as:

- Connectivity difficult reach areas of the country

- Increased reliability over previous solution

- Lower operational costs
- Live 24X7 news and video streaming feeds from
virtually any location in India
- Ample capacity for future expansion
Connection to various offices through MPLS VPN
COMPARISON OF MPLS VERSUS ATM

• Both MPLS and ATM provide a connection-oriented service

• MPLS is able to work with variable length packets while ATM

transports fixed-length cells.

• ATM network adds significant complexity and overhead to the

data stream.

• An MPLS connection is unidirectional,2 LSPs are required for

connectivity on the other hand, ATM are bidirectional
WILL MPLS REPLACE ATM?

• MPLS was not designed to replace ATM

• SPs migrate their ATM networks to one based on MPLS

• MPLS can co-exist with ATM switches and eliminate

complexity by mapping IP addressing and routing information
directly into ATM switching tables

• MPLS provides the control component for IP on both the

ATM switches and routers.
EXAMLE OF MPLS VPN over ATM
CONCLUSION

• MPLS is packet forwarding technique .

• Makes router as efficient as switch.

• Most commonly used as VPN.

• Easily used with technologies like Frame relay, ATM

• Research is going on IPSec based MPLS VPN to increase data

security
REFRENCES

• XIXIA Whitepaper. “Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)

Conformance and Performance Testing”,2004.
• IRM research Whitepaper Thorsten Fischer. “MPLS Security
Overview”,2007.
• ITU-T - IETF Joint Working Team Dave Ward, Malcolm Betts, ed.
“MPLS Architectural Considerations for a Transport Profile”,2008.
• Cisco Systems Whitepaper. “Analysis Of Mpls-based Ip Vpn
Security: Comparison To Traditional L2vpns Such As Atm And
Frame Relay, And Deployment Guidelines”,2008.
• Tata Communication Whitepaper. “Major TV Broadcaster Delivers
the News with Tata Communications MPLS Service”,2007.