W2-Types of Research

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 1
ANDREVE JOHN L. REBUCIAS
Course Outline
•• Nature
Nature ofof Research
Research
•• Types
Types of
of Research
Research
•• Ethics
Ethics in
in Research
Research
• The Problem and it’s Setting
• Related Studies and Related Literature
• Methodology ( Instrumentation & Sampling)
• Data Analysis
• Conclusions and Recommendations
• Research Presentation
Course Outline
•• Nature
Research
•• Types
Types of
of Research
Research
•• Ethics
Ethics in
in Research
Research
• Data Analysis
Course Outline
•• Nature
Research
•• Types
Types of
of Research
Research
•• Ethics
Ethics in
in Research
Research
• Data Analysis
Course Outline
•• Nature
Research
•• Types
Types of
of Research
Research
•• Ethics
Ethics in
in Research
Research
• Data Analysis
LESSON 2:
TYPES OF RESEARCH
1. Define the Two Major Types of

Research?
2. Differentiate the Two Major
Types of Research using the a
Venn Diagram.
LESSON 2: TYPES OF RESEARCH
1. What are the Two Major Types of Research?
Quantitative Method
Qualitative Method
QuantiORQuali
The Specialized
Generalizable
researcher
Numbers
Large
Words
Open-ended
Test
The and
and
Hypothesis
Precise
Identify
Identify
Understand
researcher andless
Findings
and
Randomly
Images,
Measurements,
Statistical
patterns,
and
Small and non-randomly the
Statistics
Objects
make
the
generalizable
participants
Responses,
features,
using
Interprethave findings
predictions
Selected Groups
Relationships
validated
know
themes
social
selected Groups hidden
interviews,
each
notes… identities
other instruments
interaction
QuantiORQuali
Quantitative Method
“a method of research that relies on
measuring variables using a numerical
system, analyzing these measurements using
any of a variety of statistical models …”
(Debra Lucas-Alfieri 2015, pp. 284–285)
“Not everything that counts can be

counted, and not everything that
can be counted counts.”
- Albert Einstein
Qualitative Method
“ a [method] of … research that collects and
works with non-numerical data and that seeks
to interpret meaning from these data that help
understand social life through the study of
targeted populations or places.”
(Crossman, 2019)
Qualitative Method
nursing.utah.edu
• … is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks
in-depth understanding of social phenomena
within their natural setting.
• It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of
social phenomena
• Relies on the direct experiences of human
beings
2. What are the advantages and Disadvantages
to one another of the Major types of Research?
QuantiVSQuali
• Standardized Methods of
ADVANTAGE
• The Natural Setting is focused

Testing
• Results are elaborate
• Objective and Reliable • Cheap
• Easy and Systematic
DISADVANTAGE
• The Natural Setting is neglected • Non - Standardized Methods

• Results are limited and less of Testing
elaborate • Subjective and prone to bias
• Costly • Complex and creative
3. What are their Subtypes?
Pre-experimental Research Grounded Theory Research

Historical Research True-experimental Research
Quasi-experimental Research
Descriptive Action Research Cross-sectional Research
Quanti Quali
Mixed Method Grounded Theory Research Longitudinal Research
Cohort Panel
Survey Research Correlational Research Experimental
Narrative Research Ethnographic Research
Meta-analysis Research
Phenomenological Research Evaluative Research Comparative Research
RESEARCH DESIGN GALLERY
Answer: Cohort
1. A Survey study on 2019 focused on high
school seniors (age 17-18 ) and studied the Data
of their attitudes toward dating. After 5 years, a
group of 22-23 years old will be studied using the
same research, and 5 years after that a group of
27-28 years will be studied still using the same
research. While the individuals studied each
time might be different, they must have been 17-
18 years old in the year 2019 to qualify as
representatives of the specified group.
Answer: Correlational
2. A researcher used this

survey design to see if a
dysfunctional family is
related to sadistic romantic
inclinations.
Answer: Comparative
3. A researcher used this
survey design to know if
there’s a difference in the
burnout phenomenon
between Private and Public
school students.
Answer: Cross-sectional/ Correlational
4. Morrison, Jacobs, & Swinyard,

(1999) conducted a survey of the
practices of reading teachers in
elementary schools in the year 1999
only. The purpose of the study was to
“relate” the personal, recreational
reading of elementary teachers to their
literacy instructional practices.
Answer: Evaluative
5. The Mayor in the City of
Awesomeness just implemented the
NO TRYICYCLE Policy to decongest
traffic. A researcher would like to know
if the program have been effective
and would like to offer suggestions and
recommendation to improve the
program.
Answer: Pretest-posttest Non-equivalent
6. A programmer wants to test the effectiveness
of his programmed game in aiding a lesson in math.
He used a Quasi-experimental design meaning
there might be/might not be an Experimental or a
Control group and there is no random assignment of
Grouping. He started the research by giving both
the groups the same Pretest before he made the
experimental group use the game during their
lessons. After the treatment, he administered a
posttest to both of the groups.
Answer: One-group Pretest-Posttest Design
7. A programmer wants to test the
effectiveness of his programmed game in aiding a
lesson in math. He used a Pre-experimental
Design meaning there is no Experimental or a
Control group and there is no random assignment
of groups. He started by conducting a Pretest to
the respondents and then made them use the
game during their lessons. After the treatment, he
administered a posttest to the group.
Answer: One-shot Case Study
effectiveness of his programmed game in
aiding a lesson in math. He used a pre-
experimental design meaning there is no
Experimental or a Control group and there is
no random assignment of groups. He made
the respondents use the game during their
lessons. After the treatment, he
administered a posttest to the group.
Answer: Descriptive
9 . A speciality food group launching a new range of
barbecue rubs would like to understand “what” flavors of rubs
are favored by different sets of people. To understand the
preferred flavor palette, they conducted a survey research
study using different methods like observational methods in
supermarkets. By also conducting a survey whilst collecting
in-depth demographic information, offers insights about the
preference of different markets. This can also help tailor make
the rubs and spreads to different preferred meats in that
demographic. Conducting a thorough research with this kind
of Survey design helps the organization tweak their business
model and amplify marketing in core markets.
Answer: Panel
10 . A study on 2019 focused on
high school seniors (age 17-18 ) and
studied the Data of their attitudes
toward dating. Every after 3 years,
these High school seniors will be
traced to gather data about their
attitudes toward dating.
Answer: Solomon-four Group
lesson in math. He used a True-experimental
design meaning there is an Experimental and a
Control group and the Random assignment of
Grouping. He started the research by identifying
4 groups ( 2 Experimental Groups and 2 control
Groups). All of the groups will undergo a
posttest but only one experimental group and
one control group will have a Pretest.
Answer: Pretest-Posttest Controlled Group
12 . A programmer wants to test the
lesson in math. He used a True-experimental
design meaning there is an Experimental and a
Control group and the Random assignment of
Grouping. He started the research by giving both
the groups the same Pretest before he made
the experimental group use the game during
their lessons. After the treatment, he administered
a posttest to both of the groups.
Answer: Time-series
13. A programmer wants to test the effectiveness of
his programmed game in aiding a lesson in math. He
used a Quasi-experimental design meaning there
might be/might not be an Experimental or a Control
group and there is no random assignment of Grouping.
He started the research by conducting a couple of
observation to a single group then followed it with the
utilization of the treatment. After a designated period of
time, the researcher conducted three separate
posttest to see the effect of the game to the learning of
the students.
Answer: Posttest-only Controlled
effectiveness of his programmed game in
aiding a lesson in math. He used a True
experimental design meaning there is an
Experimental and a Control group and the
Random assignment of Grouping. He made
the experimental group use the game during
their lessons. After the treatment, he
administered a posttest to both of the groups.
Answer: Trend
15. A study focused on high school
seniors (a population) and studied the Data
of their attitudes toward dating during the
years 2001, 2002, and 2003. In this study,
different seniors are studied each year, but
they all represent the same population (high
school seniors). The researcher can use this
data to assess how data change over time.
Another
An example of example
this study isisthethe study
research by(1991)
by Kos Padula of fourand
middleMiller
school
(1999) who
students of havefourreadingwomen who
disabilities. had examined
The study re-entered the
what factors
contributed to the development of reading disabilities in adolescents. The
university as full-time doctoral students. In this study,
author tutored the four students, observed their reading alone and reading in
the authors
class, conductedquestioned
interviews, andthe students’
gathered decision
school records on eachto return
student. All
four students, who
to school, how were between
they the ages their
described of 13 and 15, were
re-entry unable to read
experiences,
Y
materials above the third-grade level. After describing each student, the author
and how
identified the graduate
four themes that emerged experience
UD changed
about each student:
T
their negative
reading behavior, lives.
Through
and frustratinginterviewing
experiences with and
E S
observing
instruction, these
anxiety about reading, women,
and historiesthe
of
S
reading in kindergarten and first grade. From these individual analyses, the author
researchers found severaland themes about beliefs that these
then compared the
women held.
deficiencies, For
to display CA
four individuals
example,
a connection between
found the
the reading
women
students to be aware
believed
disability that
and stress,
unable to integrate various reading strategies. This study illustrates a study of four
of their
andtheir
to be
graduate
bounded experiences
systems—specific did not
individuals— and anmeet their
assessment needs,
of patterns they
of behavior
compared
for themselves
each individual and for all fourwith younger
students. students,
The researcher andonthey
focused felt
the issue
of reading disabilities and conducted an in-depth examination of four
a general need to finish their programs as quickly as
“situations” to illustrate this issue. Multiple forms of data were collected, and
possible.
the analysis consisted of both description and thematic development.
2. Maria chooses to conduct a research study. Her school committee
especially likes this approach because Maria will develop a practical
solution to the problem of students carrying weapons in school. She
asks this research question: “What steps can our school take to
encourage students to be more concerned about the possession of
RC H
weapons in the school?” Maria collects information from her students
E A
by asking them to complete a brief questionnaire (quantitative data)
S
E
and by having them keep and write in a journal (qualitative data) for a
R
N
couple of months about their experiences with other students who
AC TIO
carry weapons to school. Maria also holds conversations with fellow
teachers and obtains their reaction to the problem. From this data,
Maria compiles a list of possible solutions and rank orders them based
on how individuals rated them. She presents this list to her school
committee, and they choose which solutions they can realistically
implement. Maria has conducted what research study? (Creswell,
2014)
3. Maria chooses to conduct a qualitative study for her
graduate research project. Her school committee has been
meeting throughout the year, and it has set ways in which
C H
it operates. As a member of this committee, Maria has a
R
E A
natural vantage point for observing how the committee
S
E
works. She observes how people act, how they speak,
R
I C
and how they engage in practices such as starting
H
A P
promptly on time. Maria conducts an insider
R
G
observation. She asks this question: “What are the shared
O
HN
ET
beliefs, values, and attitudes of the school committee on
weapon possession in the school?” By answering this
question, Maria will gain a deep understanding about how a
school committee wrestles with the problem of weapons in
the schools.
4. Maria wants to study about the Carrying of
Weapons in their School. She used this type of
research to detail how did this culture started
and how did it progressed overtime. R C H
She used
S
data from the guidance officeEandE A
from first-hand
accounts of students A L
from R1980-2019 as the data
source of herO R IC
research. She asked the questions
I S Tthe this cases begun?” “ Who were
“ WhenH did
the students involved in these cases?” and “
What are the personal accounts of the people
involved in this cases?”.
5. Maria designs a qualitative study for her school committee and
her graduate research project. Her research question is “What is the
process involved in apprehending students for weapon
possession in their high schools?” To study this question, she plans
ORY
to explore a process, the process of apprehending students for
carrying weapons. Study of this process will help her understand one
H E
aspect of carrying weapons in the school. She identifies 10 people to
T
DE D
interview: 5 students who were actually caught and 5 teachers or
N
administrators who were involved in the apprehensions. After
U
O
interviewing these individuals, Maria analyzes the data for themes (or
R
G
categories). She arranges these categories into a visual model of the
process. She develops a theory of the process of “being apprehended”
for weapon possession in the hope that this theory will provide an
explanation that school officials might use to identify early-warning
signs for students who may be prone to possess weapons in high
schools. Maria has constructed what qualitative study?
6. Maria chose this research design for her
research project studying the possession of
weapons by high school students. She
gathered all available STUDIES
S I S regarding
the cases and all available
A L Y school record
that could be used to- A N
study the cases. She then
T A
ME
went into analyzing the cases guided by the
questions “ What are similar themes presented
in the studies?” and “ How could these studies
shed light to the local case?.
7. Maria wants to study the Possession of weapons by high
school students. Her goal is to arrive at a description of the nature
of the particular [situation] (Creswell, 2013). She conducted an
interview with a group of individuals who have first-hand knowledge
Y
of this event/situation/experience. The interview(s) attempts to
G
OL O
answer two broad questions (Moustakas, 1994): “What have you
experienced in terms of the phenomenon?” and “What contexts or
E N
situation have typically influenced your experiences of the
OM
EN
phenomenon (Creswell, 2013)?”. Other forms of data such as
PH
documents, observations and art have also been used. She then
read and reread and culled the data for like phrases and themes
that are then grouped to form clusters of meaning (Creswell, 2013).
Through this process Maria may constructed the universal meaning
of the event/situation/experience and arrived at a more profound
understanding of the situation.
8. Maria chose this research design for her research project
studying the possession of weapons by high school students.
Maria’s teacher friend, Millie, has a story to tell about how
she encountered a student in the high school who was
C H
AR
hiding a weapon in his locker. Maria studies this question:
S E
“What is the story of a teacher who found a student hiding a
RE
weapon in her high school?” Maria interviews Millie and listens to
E
I V
her stories about her experiences with the student, with other
R AT
teachers, and with the school principal. The story falls into an
R
NA
easy chronology from the initial incident to the follow-up
discussions. To make the story as accurate as possible, Maria
collaborates with Millie in writing the story, and she shares the
written report as it unfolds. Maria engages in what type of
research?
Quantitative
Intervention Non - Intervention
Experimental Survey Studies
Pre-experimental
Descriptive Cross-sectional
One-shot Case Study
One-group Pretest-posttest
Comparative Longitudinal
Quasi-experimental
Cohort
Non-equivalent
Evaluative
Time-series
Panel
True-experimental Correlational
Pretest - Postest Trend
Solomon Four-group
Posttest Only
Qualitative
Ethnographic Meta-analysis
Phenomenology Historical
Narrative Grounded Theory

Quantitative Qualitative
MIXED METHOD
Case Study Action Research

LESSON 3:
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
1. Why is Research Ethics important?

2. What are the rights of a research participant?
3. What are the ethical considerations we need
during Data gathering?
4. What are the ethical considerations we need
during research presentation?
5. What should we do to avoid Plagiarism?

W2-Types of Research

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

W2-Types of Research

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PRACTICAL

1. Define the Two Major Types of

1. What are the Two Major Types of Research?

1. What are the Two Major Types of Research?

1. What are the Two Major Types of Research?

1. What are the Two Major Types of Research?

“Not everything that counts can be

1. What are the Two Major Types of Research?

1. What are the Two Major Types of Research?

• The Natural Setting is focused

• The Natural Setting is neglected • Non - Standardized Methods

Pre-experimental Research Grounded Theory Research

2. A researcher used this

4. Morrison, Jacobs, & Swinyard,

Narrative Grounded Theory

Case Study Action Research

1. Why is Research Ethics important?

You might also like