PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC DRIVE

Introduction to Pneumatic and Hydraulic Drives

What is Pneumatic (from the Greek pneumn for wind or breath).?

Pneumatics is the discipline that deals with mechanical properties of gases such
as pressure and density, and applies the principles to use compressed gas as a
source of power to solve Engineering problems.

What is Hydraulic (from the Greek words hydra for water and aulos for a pipe)?

Hydraulics is the discipline that deals with the mechanical properties of liquids,
and applies the principles to solve engineering problems.
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Drives or Fluid Power?

What do we mean by Pneumatic and Hydraulic Drives ?

Pneumatic and Hydraulic Drives

- It is mainly considered with energy conversation [1]

- Conversation pressure into force

- Conversation of flow into speed

[1] lecture notes

 Fluid power

Fluid power is the technology that deals with the generation, control, and transmission
of power, using pressurized fluids.

Fluid power is called hydraulics when the fluid is a liquid

Fluid power is s called pneumatics when the fluid is a gas.

Thus fluid power is the general term used for both hydraulics and pneumatic&
Hydraulic systems

The terms “fluid power” and “hydraulics and pneumatics” are synonymous
BRAKING IN AUTOMOBILE
Fluid systems

Fluid transport systems

Fluid transport systems have as their sole objective the delivery of a fluid from one
location to another to accomplish some useful purpose

Example

pumping stations for pumping water to homes

Fluid power systems

Fluid power systems are designed specifically to perform work.

Example

Operating fluid cylinder or fluid motor

Type of Fluids

1. Hydraulic systems

A. Water Hydraulic system

- Water hydraulics is expected to become more prevalent.

- In Some applications water hydraulics should be used rather than oil ones.

Advantages Disadvantages

- abundance It freezes more readily

- friendly It is not as good a lubricant

- nonflammability
It tends to rust preventive
Improvement of water characteristics

The water contains additives to improve lubricity and rust protection and prevent
freezing where necessary.
B. Oil Hydraulic system

Petroleum oils and synthetic oils

The advantages and disadvantages of oil will be discussed later

Why Liquids

-Liquids provide a very rigid medium for transmitting power

-They can operate under high pressures to provide huge forces and torques to drive
loads with utmost accuracy and precision
Pneumatic systems
Pneumatic systems use air as the gas medium because air is very abundant and can be
readily exhausted into the atmosphere after completing its assigned task

Why Air?

- Spongy characteristics due to the compressibility of air.

- They are less expensive to build and operate.

- They can be used effectively in applications where Low pressures can be

used because the loads to be driven do not require large forces.
Hydraulic solution
A solution using hydraulic system can be realized using a hydraulic
linear actuator (arm).
It consists of a movable piston connected directly to the output shaft
If fluid is pumped into pipe A the piston will move up and the shaft will extend; if
fluid is pumped into pipe B, the shaft will retract.

Hydraulic cylinder
Physical components
 ADVANTAGES OF FLUID POWER

EASE AND ACCURACY OF CONTROL

Stopping

Starting

Speed control

Position
2. Multiplication of force.

A fluid power system can multiply forces simply and efficiently from a fraction of
an ounce to several hundred tons of output.
3. Constant force or torque.

- Only fluid power systems are capable of providing constant force or torque
regardless of speed changes.
- Instantly reversible motion

- automatic protection against overloads

- infinitely variable speed control.

- the highest power-per-weight ratio of any known power source.