SUBMITTED BY=

MUHAMMAD QASIM ALI

SUBMITTED TO =
ENGR SEEMAB

Topic=
CNC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
NC MACHINE
 Numerical control has been used in industry for more
than 50 years. Simply put NC is a method of automatic
operating a manufacturing machine based on code of
letters, numbers and characteristics.
CNC MACHINE
 CNC is the acronym for Computer Numerical Control. It
is an outgrowth of the older term “NC”, which stands for
“Numerical Control“. It refers to the idea of controlling
machine tools via computer. CNC Machines are robots
of a sort. With the older “NC” term, a computer need not
be involved. 
CNC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
 Electrical components
 Mechanical components
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
 Stepper motor
 Servo motor
STEPPER MOTOR
 DC brushless motor
 Digital pulse is converted into rotary motion

 It is an open loop system

OPERATING PRINCIPLE
 A stepper motor is a type of DC motor which has a full
rotation divided in an equal number of steps
 There is stator winding and a permanent at the centre of
windings
 When electric currenṭ is passed through winding it start
acting as an electromagnet and the permanent magnet
moves
 The position of the rotor is controlled by the attractive
and repulsive forces.
DIAGRAM
ADVANTAGES
 Control is achieved at low cost.
 High torque at startup and low speed.

 Simple construction.

 Can operate in open loop control system.

 Low maintenane.
DISADVANTAGE
 Low torque at high speed.
 Requries a dedicated control circuit.

 Should not be used for high performance or high load

applications.
SERVO MOTOR
 Is a simple electrical motor controlled.
 With the help of servomechanism.

 Function with the sensor feedback.

 The input to its control is signal either in the analog or

digital form.
SERVO MOTOR
 DC brush servo motor
 AC servo motor
DC SERVO MOTOR
 The brush refers to the brushes which passes the electric
current to rotor, the rotating part of the motor.in DC
motor each oil is regularly displaced form one another so
when the torque drops off form one coil it automatically
switches to the another coil as to produce the maxi
torque. This switching is done by the brushes and a
commutator present in the motor
AC SERVO MOTOR
 Its physical construction is similar to that of the DC but
there are no magnets in the AC servo motor. But both
the rotor ands the stator are constructed form coils. There
are capable of delivering very high torque at very high
speed. there are no brushes in this type of motors, which
means they are maintenace free.
DC SERVO MOTOR
ADVANTAGES
 Low cost

 Smooth rotations

 High speed attainable

 Wide variety is available

 High peak torque available

DISADVANTGES
 Thermally inefficient
 Require maintenance

 Can be demagnetised
AC SERVO MOTOR
ADVANTAGES
 High performance

 Maintenance free

 High torque available

 Cannot be demagnetised

 Accurate position information

DISADVANTGES
 Expensive
 Added feedback component

 Increased control complexity

MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
 Recirculating ball screw
 Planetray rollar screws

 Recirculating roller screws

RECIRCULATING BALL SCREW
 The Recirculating ball steering mechanism contains a
worm gear inside a block with a threaded hole in it.
 This block has gear teeth cut into the outside to engage
the shaft.
 They convert sliding friction into rolling friction.
ADVANTAGES
 Wear will be reduced
 Reliability of the system will be increased

 The efficiency of ball screws may reach up to 90%

ROLLER SCREWS
 This type of screw provide backlash free movement
 Their efficiency is same as that of ball screws.

 There are capable of providing more accurate position

control
 Cost of the roller screws are more compared to ball
screws
 The thread form is triangular with an included angle of
90 degrees
ROLLER SCREW
 Planetary
 recirculating
PLANETARY ROOLER
 There are capable of transmitting high load at fast speed
 There are no axial movement of the rollers relative to the
nut
 The rollers are threaded with a single start thread
RECIRCULATING ROLLER
 The reoller in this case are not threaded
 The roller are provided with a circular groove and are
positioned circumferentially by a cage
 Are slower in operation

 They are capable of transmitting high load with greater

accuracy
COMPONENTS
 User’s CAD/CAM computer
 Part program link to controller

 Controller

 Axis & spindle drives

 Machine tool

 operator
ADVANTAGES