AEROBIC & ANAEROBIC

RESPIRATION

BIOLOGY FORM 4

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 RESPIRATION
• Advantages of ATP: -
1. ATP is stored so that it can be released
when needed
2. ATP is stored in small packages so that the
cell can use small quantities as required. No
wastage.
3. ATP stores chemical energy in a useful form

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 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Respiration without O2
• Glucose isn’t completely broken down
• Less energy is released i.e. fewer ATP
molecules formed
• Occurs in areas where O2 deficient such as
stagnant pools and underground.
• Organisms such as worms, bacteria which
live in these areas respire anaerobically
• See pg 86 of Atwaroo-Ali for comparison 3
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN HUMANS

• MUSCLE CELLS
– O2 supply is short when working vigourously,
because blood can’t reach muscles quickly to
deliver enough O2 for aerobic respiration
– Breathing & heart rates increase to bring O2 to
muscles cells
– Glucose is broken down into lactic acid
– Glucose lactic acid + some energy
– C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + energy

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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN HUMANS
• MUSCLE CELLS
– Lactic acid is waste product which builds up in
muscles which causes them to ache. This is called
fatigue.
– Lactic acid builds up in bloodstream causes muscle
cramps
– After exercise the body must get rid of lactic acid –
does this by panting to increase O2 entering the body
– glucose is formed – broken down in aerobic
respiration
– O2 required to remove lactic acid is called O2 debt (i.e.
volume of O2 needed to oxidise lactic acid)
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 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN YEAST
• Yeast – single celled organisms important
in making wine, bread & beer
• Glucose broken down to ethanol & CO2
• Glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide +
energy
• C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy
• CO2 makes the dough rise while ethanol
evaporates in the oven

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 GASEOUS EXCHANGE
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 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS
• Breathing consists of ventilation which is the
mechanism that moves air in & out of the lungs
& enables gas exchange to occur, between the
air in the lungs and the gases dissolved in the
blood.
• STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM/ROUTE BY WHICH AIR REACHES
THE LUNGS
• Nose/Mouth Trachea/windpipe Bronchi
Bronchiole Alveoli

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GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS
Arrangement of organs in the respiratory
system of humans

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GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS
• ROUTE BY WHICH AIR REACHES THE
LUNGS
• Nose
– Air is drawn into the nose through the nostrils. Inside
the nose is warm & moist. Moist because its lining
produces mucus, & warm because of the numerous
blood vessels close to the surface.
– At the back of nose – nasal cavity which is divided up
by bony partitions to give it a large S.A. Air becomes
warm, moist & cleaned when it passes over these
surfaces.
– Dust & germs get caught by mucus, then moved
towards throat by beating cilia. Mucus contains a
substance which kills germs.
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 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS
• Nose
– Mucus is removed by being swallowed, coughed up or blown
through the nose
– Nose lining is sensitive to touch, hence reason why we sneeze
– All these are ways to protect lungs from germs.
• The lining of the nasal cavity possesses sensory cells
sensitive to smell.
• Our sense of smell tells us whether the air is suitable for
breathing thus allowing us to test it before it enters our
lungs.
• Function of nose???
– Warms, moistens, cleans & tests the air. Also protects the lungs
from germs & harmful substances that may injure them or cause
an infection.
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 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS

• Nose
– Breathing through the mouth doesn’t have the same
protective functions as the nose and increases the risk
of infection.
– Leading from the nasal cavity are a number of cavities
called sinuses which produce mucus that drains into
the nasal cavity. The holes connecting the sinuses
with the nasal cavity are small, & if a person gets a
cold they get swollen & blocked. Then the sinuses fill
up with fluid, pressure builds up – may cause a
headache.

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 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS

• Throat
– Part of resp. & digestive systems.
– Air enters windpipe through small hole
(glottis). Food is prevented from entering
glottis by flap of tissue called epiglottis.
– When breathing epiglottis closes glottis
– Glottis opens into voice box/larynx (Adam’s
apple). Feels hard due to pieces of gristle.
When air is forced through voice box, cause
vocal cords to vibrate, which produces sound
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 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS
• Windpipe/trachea
– Straight tube about 12cm long in front of gullet
– Windpipe is kept open by rings of gristle/cartilage
which stiffen its wall like hose of a vacuum cleaner.
– These rings are ‘C’ shaped arranged so that the open
part of the ‘C’ is next to the gullet. This allows the
gullet to expand as food passes through it.
– Inner lining of the w/pipe has cilia & produces mucus
which catches dust and germs not caught by nasal
cavity. After the mucus is coughed up or swallowed.
– Hence w/pipe also helps to prevent germs & harmful
substances from entering the lungs.
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 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS
• Bronchi
– The w/pipe splits into 2 tubes called bronchi (singular:
bronchus) where one leads to one lung. Bronchi are
similar to w/pipe in that also has cartilage/gristle
except narrower
• Bronchioles
– Within each lung the bronchi divides into numerous
branches called a bronchial tree. The branches are
called bronchioles. They have very narrow ends and
their walls contain smooth muscle which allows them
to widen or get narrower when necessary.

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 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS
• Alveoli
– Each bronchiole leads to a bunch of tiny sacs called
alveoli (sing: alveolus) which are the sites for gaseous
exchange.
– Alveoli are closely surrounded by a network of blood
capillaries (see pg. 93 Atwaroo-Ali) & the membrane
separating them is extremely thin.
• Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs &
passes through the capillaries surrounding the
alveoli.
• The blood has come from respiring tissues from
the body, where it has given up some of its O2 to
the cells & gained CO2. 16
 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS
• Around the lungs, the blood is separated from air inside
each alveolus by 2 cell layers; the cells making up the
alveolus’ wall and the capillary wall which is a distance of
1/1000th of a millimetre.
• Since air in alveolus has higher conc. of O2 than blood
entering capillary network, O2 diffuses from the air
across alveolus wall into blood. At the same time, more
CO2 in blood than in the air in lungs. Thus there is a
conc. gradient for CO2 in the other direction so CO2
diffuses the other way out of the blood & into the
alveolus. Therefore blood which leaves the alveolus and
flows back to the heart has gained O2 but lost CO2. the
heart pumps the blood around the body again to supply
respiring cells.
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 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS

• Alveoli

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 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS

• Remember what makes alveoli good

respiratory surfaces!!!
• Study inhalation & exhalation on page 95
of Atwaroo-Ali. Also page 68 in Chinnery.
You may be asked to draw in final Form 5
exams!!!
• Draw diagrams on pages 92 & 93 (Fig. 9.2,
9.3, 9.4 & 9.5 in your notebook.
• STUDY TABLE 9.1 (put in book) &
EFFECTS OF SMOKING
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GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS
• THE LUNGS
– When we breathe in, air is sucked into lungs (main
organs of resp. system)
– They are light & soft with spaces like a sponge. These
spaces are filled with air. O2 is taken up from this air
into the blood. CO2 passes in the opposite direction.
This movement of gases is gaseous exchange.
• We possess 2 lungs situated side by side in the
chest/thorax.
• The side of the chest are bounded by the ribs,
which are joined to the backbone/vertebral
column at the back & the breastbone/sternum in
the front 20
 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS
• THE LUNGS cont’d
• Between the ribs are muscles called intercostal
muscles. The thorax is separated from the
abdomen below by the diaphragm, which is a
sheet of muscular tissue, shaped like a dome,
stretched across between the bottom-most ribs.
• Each lung is surrounded by 2 thin sheets of tissue
– pleural membranes/layers. The inner one covers
the lungs while the outer one lines the inside of
the thorax. Between them is a narrow space
(pleural cavity) containing pleural fluid which
serves as a lubricant preventing the lungs’
surfaces to stick to the inside of the chest cavity
when we breathe.
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RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS

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1. To Show Products of Anaerobic Respiration in
Yeast

thermometer

thermos
flask

liquid
paraffin

yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
then cooled down indicator
solution/lime water 23
 1. To Show Products of Anaerobic Respiration in
Yeast
Q. Under what condition will yeast carry out fermentation?
A. Anaerobic condition

Q. How are you going to provide this condition?

A. Boil the glucose solution to drive out any dissolved air.
Add a layer of paraffin oil on top of the mixture of
glucose and yeast.
Q. Why is it important to boil the glucose solution?
A. This drives off any dissolved oxygen.

Q. Why must the glucose solution be cooled down before

yeast is added?
A. It is because yeast would be killed when hot.

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Q. What are the controlled variables in this
experiment?
A. Temperature, pH, volume of glucose
solution, etc

Q. What is the independent variable (what

is manipulated) in this experiment?
A. Whether the yeast is living or dead.

Q. What is the dependent variable (i.e. the

result) in this experiment?
A. The production of ethanol, carbon dioxide
or heat.
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To Show Products of Anaerobic Respiration
in Yeast

thermometer

thermos
flask

liquid
paraffin

yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
then cooled down indicator
solution/lime water26
Q. What is the function of liquid paraffin?
A. It prevents the mixture from coming into
contact with air.

Q. What has happened to the hydrogencarbonate

indicator solution or lime water solution?
A. The hydrogencarbonate indicator solution has
changed from red to yellow. Lime water will
turn milky white.

Q. What does this show?

A. This shows that yeast can respire anaerobically
to produce energy.
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To Show Products of Anaerobic Respiration
in Yeast
Q. What is the control in this experiment?
A. Boiled yeast suspension

Q. At the end of the experiment, what new

substance would you expect to find in the
glucose solution containing living yeast?
A. Alcohol

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 2. To Show Production of a Gas by a
Respiring Animal
pg 337 Atwaroo - Ali

to suction
pump

A B C
bell jar

lime water/

potassium bicarbonate
lime water/ glass plate of soda
hydroxide
mouse
solution bicarbonate
of soda 29
 to suction
pump

A B bell jar C

lime water/

potassium hydroxide bicarbonate

lime water/ glass plate of soda
solution
mouse
bicarbonate of
soda

Q. Why is it necessary to bubble the incoming air through

potassium hydroxide solution before it is supplied to the
mouse ?
A. Remove carbon dioxide in the incoming air. One can
observe that any carbon dioxide detected in flask C is
due to the mouse.
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Q. What are the functions of the lime
water/bicarbonate of soda or red
hydrogencarbonate indicator in flasks B and C?
A. Flask B: To test whether there is any carbon
dioxide in the air entering the bell jar.
Flask C: To test whether there is any carbon
dioxide in the air leaving the bell jar

Q. What can you tell from the result of flask B?

A. Carbon dioxide is absent in the air entering the
bell jar.

Q What can you tell from the result of flask C?

A. Carbon dioxide is released by the mouse
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To Show Production of a Gas by a Respiring
Animal
Q. How would you set up a control for this practical?
A. Set up a similar apparatus without putting a mouse in the bell jar.
Q. What precautions should be taken if the mouse is replaced by a
potted plant? Explain
A. Wrap the pot with a plastic bag. Otherwise, carbon dioxide released
by the micro-organisms in the soil will affect the results. Cover
the bell jar with a black cloth.
cloth Otherwise, the plant will absorb
carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and this will affect the
results of the respiration experiment.

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 3. To Demonstrate Heat Production by
Germinating Seeds using Thermos Flasks

A B

thermos flask

germinating Seeds killed

seeds by boiling

cotton wool

thermometer

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Q. What are the controlled variables in this
experiment?
A. Amount of seeds in the vacuum flasks.

Q. What is the independent variable in this

experiment?
A. Whether the seeds are living or boiled.
boiled

Q. What is the dependent variable in this

experiment?
A. Temperature as recorded by the
thermometers.
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Q. Why were the flasks inverted and corked
with cotton?
A. Inverted flasks: CO2 is denser than air.
Cotton: allow CO2 to escape otherwise it
will kill the beans/peas.
Q. Why were the beans/peas washed with
disinfectant?
A. To kill any micro-organisms/bacteria
which may respire and affect the results.

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Q. What is the control in this experiment?
A. The boiled seeds.

Q. What precautions should be taken?

A. Put the bulbs of the thermometers in the
seeds, not the air inside the vacuum
flasks. Make sure that the seeds
completely cover the bulbs of the
thermometers. Do not fill up the whole
vacuum flasks with seeds or there will
not be enough air for the seeds to carry
out respiration.

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