CODED

SPATIAL MODULATION

Under the supervision of:

Prof. M.R. Abidi

Submitted By:
Aastha Saxena (13LEB162)
Smarika Agarwal (13LEB167)
 Contents
Part 1: Introduction to Coded Spatial Modulation
1. Problem Statement
2. Introduction to Spatial Modulation
3. 3-D encoding of Spatial Modulation
4. SM as an alternative to MIMO schemes
5. OFDM
6. SM-OFDM
7. Coded Spatial Modulation
8. Convolutional Encoder
9. Viterbi Decoder

Part 2: Work Done and Results Obtained

10. Block Diagram of Transmitter
11. Block Diagram of Receiver
12. Outputs and Results
13. Transmitter Diversity
14. Receiver Diversity
15. Comparisons of Different Modulation Schemes
16. Performance Analysis
17. Conclusions
18. References
 Part 1

Introduction to Coded
Spatial Modulation
Problem Statement
The rapid requirement of increased energy efficiency, spectral
efficiency, reliability, quality of service and limited complexity
of wireless system resulted in the development of multiple
antenna techniques.

Spatial Modulation has been recently proposed as a new

modulation concept which takes into account the low system
complexity along with improved data rates and robust error
performance even in correlated channel environments.

Our objective is to design a system which uses coded spatial

modulation technique and determine its performance by
varying various parameters.
Introduction to Spatial Modulation
• In a diverse family of MIMO techniques, SM is a recently
introduced modulation scheme.
• Low complexity and energy efficiency makes it attractive.
• Only a single transmit antenna is active at any time instant.
• Exploits uniqueness and randomness properties of wireless
channel for communication.
• Establishes a one-to-one mapping between blocks of
information bits to be transmitted and the spatial positions
of the transmit-antenna in the antenna-array.
Introduction to Spatial Modulation
• The bit stream is divided into blocks containing
log2(Nt*M) bits each:
1. First log2(Nt) bits determine the index of the antenna to be
selected from a set of available antennas for transmission and,
2. Second log2(M) bits are mapped to a symbol chosen from signal
constellation.

• Uses the index of any active transmitting or receiving

antenna to convey extra information.
• Thus, the selection of antennas in SM depends upon the
incoming user data stream.
• Receiver first determines which antenna was selected
and then the transmitted symbol.
 3-D Encoding of Spatial Modulation

Image: www.article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.jwnc.20140403.02.html
 3-D Encoding of Spatial Modulation

Image: www.article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.jwnc.20140403.02.html
SM as an alternative to
conventional MIMO schemes
• Only one transmit antenna is active at any instant. The
active transmit antenna number is an added source of
information to boost the spectral efficiency.

• Since at any time instant, only one antenna transmits and

other antennas will transmit zero power, therefore, ICI at the
receiver and the need to synchronize the transmit antennas,
i.e. IAS are completely avoided.

• Spatial Modulation is a low complexity energy efficient

MIMO approach.
OFDM
• OFDM is a parallel transmission scheme, where a high-
rate serial data stream is split up into a set of low-rate
sub streams, each of which is modulated on a separate
sub-carrier.
• OFDM converts a frequency-selective channel into a
parallel collection of frequency flat-fading sub channels,
in which the available bandwidth is very efficiently used.
• Time domain waveform of the subcarriers are
orthogonal, yet the signal spectral corresponding to
different subcarriers overlap in frequency domain.
• Helps reduce ISI even at high data rates.
SM-OFDM
• Combining SM with OFDM gives the best of both the
techniques.
• SM provides power efficiency by transmitting multiple
symbols through one antenna at a time.
• OFDM provides spectral efficiency.
• OFDM divides the high-rate stream into parallel lower rate
data and hence prolongs the symbol duration, thus helping
to eliminate ISI.
• It also allows the bandwidth of subcarriers to overlap
without ICI as long as the modulated carriers are
orthogonal thus providing spectral efficiency.
Coded Spatial Modulation
• Aims to enhance SM performance in correlated channel
conditions.

• Achieves better error performance when compared to

previous MIMO techniques with minimum decoding
complexity.

• Three types of coded spatial modulated systems have

been proposed:
1. Trellis Coded Spatial Modulation (TCSM)
2. Space-Time Block Coded Spatial Modulation (STBC-SM)
3. Polar Coded Spatial Modulation (PCSM)
Convolutional Encoder
• Convolutional encoding of data is accomplished using a
shift register and associated combinatorial logic that
performs modulo-two addition.
• Convolutional codes are often characterized by the base
code rate and the depth (or memory) of the encoder
[n,k,K].
• The base code rate is typically given as n/k, where n is
the input data rate and k is the output symbol rate.
• Output is a function of the current input as well as the
previous K-1 inputs.
Viterbi Decoder
• Decodes a data sequence that has been encoded by a
finite‐ state process
• Output is an estimate of the original data
• Viterbi algorithm is optimal in the maximum likelihood
sense—it finds the input that is most likely, given the
observed channel output
• The decoding algorithm uses two metrics: the branch
metric (BM) and the path metric (PM).
 Part 2
Work Done and
Results Obtained
 Block Diagram of Transmitter
Random
Convolutional Antenna
Data Modulation
Encoder Selection
Generator

Serial to
Parallel
Conversion

Parallel to Cyclic
To Channel Serial Prefix IFFT
Conversion Insertion
 Block Diagram of Receiver
From Serial to Cyclic
Channel Parallel Prefix FFT
Conversion Removal

Parallel to
Serial
Conversion

Received Viterbi Antenna

Demodulation
Data Decoding Detection
Outputs and Results
Transmitter Diversity

At low SNR, increasing

the number of transmit
antenna, increases the
spectral efficiency while
maintaining the almost
same probability of
error.
Receiver Diversity

Error performance of
the system decreases,
as the number of
receiving antennas
increases as the effect
of fading on the
system performance
decreases.
Comparison of different
Modulation Schemes
The performance of
BPSK scheme is better
as compared to 4-QAM
and 8-PSK .

Error Performance of
the Spatial Modulation
System degrades as the
size of constellation
increases.
 Performance Analysis
Transmit Diversity:
• Probability of error remains almost same as the number
of transmit antennas increases
• Spectral efficiency of the system increases with the
number of transmit antennas
Receiver Diversity:

• Probability of error decreases as the number of receiving

antennas increases
• Spectral efficiency of the system is independent of the
number of transmit antennas
 Performance Analysis
Modulation Scheme:

• Error performance of the system degrades as the size of

signal constellation increases

• Spectral efficiency of the system increases with the

constellation size.

Coding Scheme:

• The limit of number of error bits that can be corrected

using Viterbi concept is very much dependent on the
allowable complexity of the convolutional encoding
implementation algorithm.
 Performance Analysis
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR):
• At the low value of SNR, the error performance of the
system is dominated mainly by the estimation of the
transmitted symbol
• For a high SNR, error performance is dominated by the
estimation of the antenna number.
 Conclusions
• SM is an entirely new technique, which combines digital
modulation, coding, and multiple-antenna transmission
in a unique fashion, and exploits the location-specific
property of the wireless channel for communication.

• Spatial modulation aims for low-complexity transceiver

design and high spectral efficiency simultaneously by
adopting the simple modulation and coding mechanisms

• SM is still in an infant phase and several issues need to be

addressed to fully understand its potential and overcome
the limitations in practical and realistic propagation
environments.
 References
1. Raed Y. Mesleh, Harald Haas, Sinan Sinanovi,Chang Wook Ahn, and
Sangboh Yun, “Spatial Modulation”, IEEE Transactions on vehicular
technology, Vol. 57, No. 4, July 2008.
2. Marco Di Renzo, Harald Haas, Peter Grant, “Spatial Modulation for
Multiple-Antenna Wireless Systems : A Survey” IEEE Communications
Magazine, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2011, 49 (12),
pp.182-191, December 2011.
3. Marco Di Renzo, Harald Haas, Ali Ghrayeb, “Spatial Modulation for
MIMO Wireless Systems”,IEEE European Signal Processing Conference,
September 2014.
4. Allert van Zelst, Tim C. W. Schenk, “Implementation of a MIMO OFDM-
Based Wireless LAN System”, IEEE transactions on signal processing, Vol.
52, No. 2, February 2004.
5. Ping Yang, Marco Di Renzo, Yue Xiao, Shaoqian Li, Lajos Hanzo, “Design
Guidelines for Spatial Modulation”, IEEE transactions on signal
processing, Vol. 21, No.5, March, 2013.
 References
6. Ertugrul Basar, Ümit Aygölü, Erdal Panayırcı, H. Vincent Poor, “Space-
Time Block Coded Spatial Modulation”, IEEE transactions on
communications, Vol. 59, No. 3, pp.823-831,March 2011.
7. KhaledM. Humadi, Ahmed Iyanda Sulyman, Abdulhameed Alsanie,
“Spatial Modulation Concept for Massive Multiuser MIMO Systems”,
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol.14, June 2014.
8. Marco Di Renzo, Harald Haas, Ali Ghrayeb, Shinya Sugiura, Lajos Hanzo,
“Spatial Modulation for Generalized MIMO: Challenges, Opportunities,
and Implementation”, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 102, No. 1, January
2014.