Fluid Flow Continuity

and Bernoulli’s Equation

Ideal Fluid

•Nonviscous
•Flow is steady
•Incompressible
•Irrotational
Conservation of Mass

Mass In Mass Out

Varying Area

Mass In Mass Out

Flow Rate
m1  V1
m1  A1x1
m1  A1v1t

m1  m2
Continuity Equation
A1v1t  A2 v2 t
A1v1  A2 v2
Av is the volume flow rate
v1 = 1 m/s v2 =?

d1= 8 cm d2= 2 cm
 A1v1  A2v2

  0.08  2    0.02  2 
    1       v2
  2     2  

 0.08 2
 
1  0.02 2
 v2
 0.0064  1   0.0004  v2
v2  16 m
s
Bernoulli’s Equation

1 1
P1   gy1   v1  P2   gy2   v2
2 2

2 2
Conservation of Energy?
1 2
P   gy   v  constant
2
1 2
PV  ( V ) gy  ( V )v  constant
2
F 1 2
( Ax)  ( V ) gy  ( V )v  constant
A 2

W  U  K  constant
Constant v

P   gy  constant
Constant y

1 2
P   v  constant
2
Pressure and Speed

Bernoulli’s Equation
indicates that as the speed
of a fluid increases the
pressure decreases.
Static Problem
Fluid not moving
A = 0.02 m2
A = 0.05 m2 P= 202 kPa
P= ? kPa 2m
Fluid Flow

A = 0.02 m2
A = 0.05 m2 P= 202 kPa
v = 4 m/s 2m

P= ? kPa
What is the gauge
pressure in the
d = 2 cm
water main?
2m
d = 6 cm

25 L in 30 s