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Fundamental Operations On: Fractions, Decimals, and Percentage. Learning Outcomes
Fundamental Operations On: Fractions, Decimals, and Percentage. Learning Outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
• Perform operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division of fractions accurately.
• Solve problems involving fractions, decimals and percent related to
business.
multiply
The is one of the four operations we learned during our preparatory
and elementary days. We will apply these operations to fractions and
later on, to functions.
𝒃 𝒃
𝒂 =𝒂+
𝒄 𝒄
The same expressions
Operations on Operations on Fractions
Fractions
1 1 2 1
4 +¿
4 ¿
4 ¿ 2
3 1 2
6
−
6 ¿
6
4: 4, 8, 12, 16, …
3 3 7 1
∙ + ∙
4 3 12 1
9 7
¿ +
12 12
16 4
¿ 𝑜𝑟
12 3
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
Addition and
Subtraction of
Fractions - LCD
LCM or LCD: 21
To find the LCD
10 5 10 7 5 3
of denominators 3 − =¿ ∙ − ∙
and 7, 3 7 3 7 7 3
70 15
3: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ¿ −
18, 21, 24, … 21 21
7: 7, 14, 21, 28, … ¿ 55
21
3 9 1 18 9 1
To find the LCD of
denominators 5, 2
and 4,
( )
3 − + =¿ − +
5 2 4 5 2 4 ( )
18 4 9 10 1 5
5: 5, 10, 15, 20, … ¿ ∙ − ∙ + ∙
5 4 2 10 4 5 ( )
2: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 72 90 5
14, 16, 18, 20, …
±
𝑎𝑑
± 𝑏𝑐
2. Multiply the denominators (that becomes your new denominator).
𝑏𝑑
𝑏𝑑
In general, let and be any numbers, provided that
Solutions.
Butterfly Method:
3 7 36+ 28
LCM or LCD: 12 + =¿
4 12 48
64 4
3 3 7 1 ¿ 𝑜𝑟
∙ + ∙ 48 3
4 3 12 1
9 7
¿ +
12 12
16 4
¿ 𝑜𝑟
12 3
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
Addition and
Subtraction of
Fractions - LCD
LCM or LCD: 21 Butterfly Method:
A B C D E
A B C D E
A B C D E
𝟐
2 ¿
Therefore, D will obtain 5 of suman. 𝟓
Example 1.7.
2 8 2
8 ∗ ¿ ∗
9 1 9
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Multiplication
There were fractions whose answers contains a big value of
of Fractions numerator and denominator but reducible. Consider the problem
below.
Solution.
There are two cases in order to find its product.
Solution.
1 ∙ 335
5
Therefore, each student must contribute Php 67.00
1 1 1 1 1 5 1∙ ¿ 335
335
+¿ +¿ +¿ +¿ =¿ =1 He will pay Php 335.00
5 5 5 5 5 5
¿
10
× 8¿
8 ¿ 5 ∙ 2× 8
6 5 3∙2 5 3
A complex fraction
K C F
is a fraction whose 4 +3 7
numerator and 4 4 7 × 1
denominator is/are ¿ ¿ ¿
also fractions or 5 5 4 5
combination of
fractions. Complex Fraction
3 3 3 3
¿
6 −1
¿ ¿
5 1 ×
5
3 3
,00 0 00 0
1 0 05 1 0,40 1 ,030 1 002 1 01 1 0 0. 1 −1 0.0 1 −2 0.0 01 −3 0.0 0−1 4
⋯ 10 10 10 10 10 10 ∙10 10 10 10 ⋯
thousandths
ones
hundredths
tenths
hundreds
ten thousandths
hundred thousands
thousands
ten thousands
tens
decimal point
Example 1.
4 8
17.48=17+ +
Expanded Form:
10 100
whole number
part decimal
17.48 part Decimal in words: Seventeen and fourty-eight
hundredths
decimal or
point Seventeen point fourty-eight
∙
253.42 = since
Example.
¿12345.
How to convert fraction into
decimal if the denominator is
5
not a decimal fration?
5
If the division does not terminate and the digits do not show any
pattern, the quotient is called a non-terminating, non repeating
decimal.
5 0. 6 2 5
= 8 5 .0 0 0 7 =¿12 0.5 8 3 3
.0
8 12 7
0 0 0
48 60
20 10
960
16
40 4 0
40 36 40
0 36
4
5 =0.625 7 =0.5833 …
8 12
terminating decimal. ¿ 0.58 repeating3́ decimal
5 1
3.5=3+
¿0.5
3+ ¿ 3+
10 2
5 1
3.05=3+00.5
¿ 3 +
¿ 3 +
100 20
Example.
Add: 43.63+24.053+8.5+8.12 Subtract: 46.325 - 18.31
Solution. Solution.
21 1
3
43.63 46.325
-
18.31
+ 24.053
8.5 28 .015
8.12
8 4. 303
Example.
Find each product.
4.6479
×10=46.479
4.6479
×100=464.79
4.6479
×1,000=4,647.9
4.6479
×10,000=46,479
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Multiplication
and Division of Rule 2.
Decimals
When both factors are decimal numbers, multiply them as you
would multiply whole numbers. Then count the total number of
Notice
7 5 decimal places in the factors. The product should have the same
0.07=
;
0.05=
100 100 number of decimal places.
Example.
7 5 35
× 100
100 ¿
10,000
Find each product.
5.23
× 2.7 0.07
× 0.05
35 12 3
10,000 =𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓 5.23 2 decimal places 0.07
×
2 decimal places
×
0.05
2.7 1 decimal place 2 decimal places
36
6
1
0
.0
0
3 5
4 decimal places
+¿ 10
4 6
2 1 3 decimal places
1 4 .1
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Multiplication
and Division of To divide decimals by a whole number, divide as you would divide
Decimals whole numbers. Put the decimal point directly above that of the
dividend.
Example.
15 . 2 1 4 8
Divide 821.6 by 54 54 821.6 0 0 0
810
11 6
108
821.6
80
54 = 15.214821482148… 54
´
¿ 15. 2148 26 0
216
44 0
432
8
Definition. Percentage
A is the result obtained by taking a certain percent of a quantity.
The quantity on which the percentage is computed is the The number
indicating how many hundredths are taken is called the
To write a percent into a decimal, drop the percent sign and move the
decimal point two places to the left.
Example.
1.
2.
3.
4.
To write a percent to fraction, drop the percent sign and wright the
number as a numerator and 100 as a denominator and simplify.
Example.
45 9
1. 45 % =
100
=
20
136 34
2. 1 36 % = 100 = 25
6 3
3. 6 % = 100 = 50
42.5 425 17
4. 4 2.5 %= 100 = 1,000 = 40
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
Percentage Conversion
Decimal to Percent
Example.
1. 0.36=36 %
2. 0 .06 = 6 %
3. 1 .09 =109 %
4. 4 = 400 %
3
9 ¿ 0. 3́×100
%¿33.33
%
3 In general, when a quantity is
=33.33 %
9 multiplied by a percent, the resulting
product is the percentage. To find a
3=(0.
3́)× 9 percentage multiply the base and the
rate
Percentage Base
Rate/Percent
𝑃= 𝐵 × 𝑅
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
Percentage Finding the Percentage
1. What is 40% of 300?
𝑃=𝐵
×𝑅
¿ 0.40 ×300
5
¿ 120 3 .What number is of 640 ?
8
𝑃=𝐵
×𝑅
2 5
2 . of 150 is what number ? ¿ ×640
3 8
𝑃=𝐵
×𝑅 =
2
¿ ×150
3
¿ 100
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
Percentage Example.
Solution.
2. Mark Jorel purchased a new car worth Php 750,000. He made a down
payment that is 45% of the price. How much is the down payment?
Solution.
𝑃
𝑅=
𝐵
1. Mr. Jimenez sold a pair of rubber shoes bought for $3,500 and earned a
profit of $750. What percent of the original price is the profit?
Solution.
Given: (original price).
(profit earned).
Find: rate of profit.
𝑃
𝑅 = 𝐵
¿ $ 750
$ 3,500
¿0.2143∨21.43
%
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
Rate Example.
Solution.
Given: (insured amount).
(percent insured).
Find: original price.
𝑃
=
𝐵
𝑅
$225,000 $225,000
¿ ¿
25% 0.25
$ 900,000 original price
¿
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
Percentage Exercise.
Ans. 600
Ans. 288
Ans.