Unit 1

Lecture 2
Topics
• Review
• Major areas of soft computing
• Brief introduction to ANN
• Brief introduction to Fuzzy Logic
• Brief introduction to Genetic Algorithms
• Applications of soft computing techniques
Hard Computing Vs Soft Computing
Brief introduction to major areas of Soft Computing
• Soft computing is a combination of several methods
• Artificial Neural Networks(ANN) or Neural Net
• Fuzzy Logic
• Genetic Algorithms
• All these methods are complimentary to each other and can be used to solve
a complex problem
• Exploits the imprecision and uncertainty in a decision making process
1) Artificial Neural Networks(ANN)
• An information processing model inspired by biological neuron system
• Works best when the relationship between input and output is highly non
linear
• Has a set of neurons and each neuron performs some operation
• Overall operation of the network is the weighted sum of these operations
• Consists of three layers: input, hidden, output
• Each layer can have any no of nodes
• Fast response due to their parallel architecture
• Well suited for real time systems
• X1 and X2 are the input neurons
• Transmits signals to the output neuron Y which receives the signal
• Input neurons connect to output through weighted interconnection links with
weights W1 and W2
• Output = function(net input calculated)
=f(x1w1+x2w2)
2) Fuzzy logic
• Partial set membership than crisp set membership(1 or 0) or non membership
• Notions like rather warm, pretty cold etc can be formulated mathematically in
fuzzy logic
• Fuzzification process : Crisp input values to a fuzzy system are converted into
a fuzzy value
• Defuzzification process : produces crisp outputs
• Fuzzification of crisp input is done by the fuzzification interface
• Interface engine takes the fuzzy value generated and the fuzzy rule base (IF--
THEN) and generates fuzzy outputs
• Defuzzification interface generates the crisp output actions from the fuzzy
output
3) Genetic Algorithms
• Inspired by nature
• Basic processes:
• Initialization: initial population created randomly
• Evaluation: Each member of the population is evaluated for fitness
• Selection: The ones that fits the desired requirements are selected
• Cross over: new members created by combining the best aspects of the existing
members
Hybrid Systems
• Neuro fuzzy hybrid systems
• Neuro genetic hybrid systems
• Topology optimization done for neural networks using the genetic algorithms
• Fuzzy genetic hybrid system
• Genetic algorithm used to develop the best set of rules for the rule base
Neural Networks: important for their ability to adapt and learn
Fuzzy logic: important for its exploitation of partial truth and imprecision
Genetic Algorithms: important for its optimization
Probability reasoning: control of randomness and uncertainty
• Constituents of soft computing are not competitive but complementary
• Offers their own advantages and techniques and find solutions to otherwise
insolvable problems
Applications:
• Aerospace
• Aircraft and air traffic control using neural networks
• Automated using inputs as location, altitude, direction, speed of each radar blip
• Output is Air traffic controller’s instruction
• Space craft control
• Communication systems
• Data communication
• Neural n/w used for data compression
• Communication networks
• Multimedia traffic prediction using neuro fuzzy systems
• Consumer appliances
• Neural network based air conditioners
• Dishwashers, washing machines,microwave ovens etc based on neuro fuzzy systems
• Manufacturing Automation
• Robotics
• Robotic movement
• Robotic arms
• Transportation
• Elevator controls based on neuro fuzzy systems
• Traffic control
• Pattern recognition
• Handwritten digits recognition
• Voice recognition
• Photos and fingerprint recognition
• Medicine
• Medical diagnosis
• Tissue guided surgery
•Molecular Biology
•For gene prediction
• Music composition
• Neural networks used for predicting notes in music
• Fuzzy systems used for studying music emotions
• Evaluation of compositions using various techniques
• Weather prediction
Conclusion
• Hard computing vs soft computing a diagrammatic representation
• Major areas of soft computing
• Introduction to ANN
• Introduction to Fuzzy Logic
• Introduction to Genetic Algorithms
• Some applications of soft computing techniques