ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION AND UTILIZATION

PT BE VII SEM

22-09-2020

Day 14

06:15 PM TO 07:45 PM
 ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION AND
UTILIZATION

UNIT-IV-ILLUMINATION AND TRACTION

Visible region of the spectrum - Laws of illumination – Polar

curves of different types of sources - Determination of MHCP
and MSCP - Design of lighting schemes for factories,
auditoriums, offices, hospitals and residential buildings -
Gaseous and discharge lamps - Sodium vapors lamp -
Mercury vapor lamp - Electric Traction –Types of traction
systems- Speed time curves-Tractive effort- Specific energy
output from simplified speed time curve- Motors used for
traction.
 Speed – Time curve

• The curve drawn between speed in Km/hr along Y-axis and

time in seconds along X-axis is called speed-Time curve.
• The speed-time curve gives the complete information about
the motion of the train.
• The movement of the train and their energy consumption
can be studied by means of speed-time curve. This curve
gives the speed time instants after the start of run directly.
Slope of the curve at any instant gives the speed at any
instant.
• Accelerating:
– It refers to the rate of change of velocity of the
moving body. If the body is moving at constant
velocity then there is no change, hence no
acceleration.
• Retardation:
– It is the application of force that produces
negative acceleration equal to braking,
deceleration, damping etc.
 Speed – Time curve
• Urban:

• Sub-urban

• Main line:
 Different speed in Traction
• Crest speed: The maximum speed attained by the train
during run.
• Average speed: The mean of the speeds from start to
stop. i.e the distance between two stops in Km divided
by the actual time of run.

= Distance between two stops in Km / Actual

time of run in hours
Schedule speed:
The ratio of distance covered between two stops and total
time of run including time of stop.
= Distance between stops in Km/ (Actual time of run
in hrs + stop time in hrs)
 Factors affecting Scheduled speed

1. Acceleration & Breaking

2.Maximum and crest speed
3.Duration of stopping
 Simplified speed-time curve

• In order to study the performance of

service at different speeds, the speed-time
curves are replaced by simple geometric
shaped curves such as trapezoid or
quadrilateral shapes.
b1

b2

b2
 Tractive Effort for propulsion of Train
• The effective force necessary to push the train at the
wheel of the locomotive is called the tractive effort.
• Total tractive effort required to run a train on track,
Ft = Fa  + Fg + Fr
Fa is the tractive effort required for linear and angular
acceleration
Fg is the tractive effort to overcome the effect of gravity
Fr is the tractive effort to overcome the train resistance
 SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
• The energy input to the motor is called the energy
consumption of the train as it is this energy which is utilized
for movement of the train.
SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION
It is defined as the energy consumed per Ton-metre. 
FACTORS AFFECTING SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Distance between the stops
Maximum speed
Weight of the train
Train resistance
Acceleration and retardation
 Motor Employed in Traction

• 1. D.C series motor

• 2.A.C series motor (only compensated series type
commutator motor) – These motors are used for main
line services.
• 3.Three –phase induction motor – With help of power
converter –able to get variable speed control.
 Traction motor Control

Various methods for controlling the speed of D.C. series

motors:
1. Rheostatic control
2.series-parallel control
3.Field Control
4. Buck- Boost converter control method (solid state control
method)
5.Thyristor control method (solid state control method)
Speed Control of Traction Motors
1.DC-Series Motors
Chopper controlled DC series motor
Speed control in single phase motors can be done using
• Resistances
In this method, resistances are used to reduce the voltage available at
the motor terminals. 

• TRIAC 
A Triac is a three terminal semiconductor device.  The current flowing
through a thyristor can be controlled by controlling the gate voltage. 
• Gears
Gears are also a method of speed controls.
• VFDs
VFDs or Variable Frequency Drives control the speed of the motor by
controlling the frequency of the power supply on the input terminals. 
Speed control of three phase motor