Lecture 4

MASONRY
by PhD, associate professor
Olena Chernieva
 FUNCTIONS
 To support floors and roof
 To divide the space
 To provide acoustic and thermal insulation
 To provide shelter from weathering agencies
 WALL CLASSIFICATION
a) Load Bearing Wall
Carry the load from above (own weight &
load from roof) and transfer it to the
foundation.
b) Non Load Bearing Wall
Carry self-weight only.
Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall)
 Stone Wall (Load Bearing Wall)
 Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall)
Masonry Wall
 Retaining Wall (Load Bearing Wall)
NON LOAD BEARING WALL
a) Hollow Concrete Block
b) Hollow Bricks
c) Brick Wall
Hollow Brick (Non Load Bearing Wall)
Hollow Concrete Block Wall
(Non Load Bearing Wall)
BRICK MASONRY
Header
 Brick laid with its length
perpendicular to the direction of a
wall

stretcher
 Brick laid with its length

parallel to the direction of a

wall
 QUEEN CLOSER

KING CLOSER

BEVELLED BAT

BEVELLED CLOSER

THREE QUARTER BAT

HALF BAT
 LAP

CLOSER HEADER COURSE

PERPEND STRETCHER
COURSE

QUOIN BED JOINTS

 BRICK MASONRY – BOND
 Stretcher Bond
 Header bond
 English Bond
 Flemish Bond
Diagonal bond
 Raking Bond
Herring-bone bond
 Zigzag bond
English garden wall bond
 Garden wall bond
Flemish garden wall bond
Stretcher Bond
 All bricks laid as stretchers

 Thickness of wall is half of the full brick length

 Used for partition walls

 Header Bond
 All bricks are laid as headers

towards the face of the wall.

Useful for curved brick works.
English Bond
 Alternative courses of headers and stretchers

 One of the strongest brickwork bond patterns.

 Essential features
 Alternate courses will show either headers or
stretchers in elevation.
 There is no continuous vertical joint.
 Alternate headers placed centrally above each
stretcher.
 If the thickness of the walls is an odd multiple of half
brick (eg:1.5, 2.5), the same course will present
stretchers on one face and headers on the other.
 For even multiple of half brick, same appearance on
both faces.
Flemish Bond
 Alternate bricks are placed as headers and stretchers

in every course.
 Not as strong as the English bond at 1 brick thick
 Essential features
 In each course, headers and stretchers are
alternatively placed in both the facing and backing.
 The facing and backing have same appearance.
 Queen closers are placed next to the quoin header.
 In walls having thickness equal to odd multiples of
half bricks, brick bats are used.
Comparison of English bond and
Flemish bond
 English bond is more compact and stronger than
double Flemish bond for walls having thickness
greater than 1.5 bricks.
 Double Flemish bond have better appearance in the
facing
 For the construction of Flemish bond , good
workmanship and careful supervision is required.
 DFB is economical as brick bats are utilized.
Raking Bond
Diagonal bond
 Bricks are arranged at 45°
Raking Bond
Herring bone bond
 Bricks arranged at 45° in two opposite directions

from the centre of the wall

Zigzag bond
 Bricks laid in a zigzag way

 Mainly used for paving brick floors

English Garden Wall Bond
 An alternative version of English bond with less

number of headers
Header courses being inserted at every fourth or
sixth course.
Flemish Garden Wall Bond
 one header is placed after every third stretcher
 Usual causes for failure of wall are as follows:
- Overloading the wall, deflection of beam
above the wall will effect the wall below.
- Foundation failure
- Earthquake
- Poor workmanship (improper brickwork)
 Brick Wall Crack
 Brick Wall Failure At The Roof Level
 Cracked Wall
 Failure In Brick Wall
Dry Rot On Timber Wall Panelling
Wall Failure Due To Earthquake
Termite Damage To The Timber Wall
 STONE MASONRY
 Materials used
1. Stones
2. Mortar
 Classification of stone masonry
 Rubble masonry
 Ashlar masonry
 Rubble Masonry
 Un-coursed random rubble masonry
 Coursed random rubble masonry
 Dry rubble masonry
 Un-coursed random rubble
masonry
 Roughest and cheapest form of stone
masonry
 Stones of different sizes and shapes are used
 Vertical joints are staggered
 Undressed stone blocks are used
Types of rubble masonry
Uncoursed random rubble
masonry
 Coursed random rubble masonry
 Stone work is brought into courses of
thickness varying from 30 to 45 cm
 All courses are not of same height
Coursed random rubble masonry
Ashlar masonry
 Comparison between brick and
stone masonry
Stone Brick
1. Higher strength, 1. Less strength, durability
durability and weather and weather resistant
resistant
2. Higher crushing
2. High crushing strength strength than stone
3. Used for heavy 3. Used for light
monumental building ornamental works of
works less importance
4. More watertight 4. Less watertight
5. Needs no pretreatment 5. Should be concealed by
and plastering plastering
 Stone Brick
6. Not damaged by chemicals 6. Exposed brick masonry reacts
present in the environment and get disintegrated
and salt present in the water
7. Complicated lifting 7. Bricks can be conveniently
appliances are required to moved by manual labor
handle stone blocks 8. Time and labour involved is
8. Time required for dressing less
and handling of stones is 9. More fire resistant
more
9. Less fire resistant 10. Less skilled labourers are
required
10. More skilled labourers are
required 11. More frequently used
11. Less frequently used