BUILDING PLANNING AND DRAWING

CE 216

Dr. Pritikana Das,

Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE BUILDING ELEMENTS

 Foundation/ substructure
 Super structure
 SUBSTRUCTURE

1. Footings
2. Base concrete
3. Plinth
4. Flooring
5. D.P.C.
 BASE COURSE

First footing

Foundation

Levelling course
 SUPERSTRUCTURE

1. Masonry walls
2. Steps
3. Doors, windows & ventilators
4. Lintels
5. Sunsheds
 SUPERSTRUCTURE

6. Roof
7. Weathering course
8. Stairs, lifts
9. Parapet walls
10. Building finishes
 FOUNDATION

 Purpose of foundation
 Types of foundation
 Functional classification
 Material classification
 Selection of foundation
 Causes of foundation failures & remedial measures
 PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION

• To distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing area so as to bring

intensity of loading within the safe bearing capacity of the soil lying underneath.
• To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate so as to prevent unequal
settlement.
• To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting material.
 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

 Open foundation / Shallow foundation/ Spread foundation

 Deep foundation
 SPREAD FOUNDATION

I. Raft foundation
II. Wall footings
III. Isolated footings
IV. Combined
V. Inverted arches
VI. Cantilever
VII. Continuous footings
 FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

I. Bearing piles
II. Frictional piles
III. Compaction piles
IV. Batter
V. Sheet
VI. Under reamed
 MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION

I. Timber piles
II. Concrete
III.Reinforced cement concrete
IV. Steel
V. Composite
VI. Sand
 SELECTION OF FOUNDATION

 Nature of subsoil
 Nature and extent of problems (G.W.T., boulder etc.)
 Availability of expertise & equipment
 Type of building
CAUSES OF FOUNDATION FAILURES & REMEDIAL MEASURES

1. Unevenness settlement of subsoil

Causes:
I. Heterogeneous nature;
II. non-uniform load;
III. Eccentric loading;
Remedial Measures:
IV. Foundation is laid on hard rock base.
V. Concrete or hard stone base is designed and laid as a monolithic member.
VI. Loading on foundation should not exceed safe BC of soil.
VII. Avoid eccentric loading
 UNEQUAL SETTLEMENT OF THE MASONRY

Differential settlement of the masonry due to excessive load before mortar has fully set.
Remedial Measures:
I. Use rich mix of mortar
II. Thin mortar joints
III. Restrict the ht. of masonry to 1m per day
IV. Cure the masonry efficiently to gain full strength
 SUBSOIL MOISTURE MOVEMENT

Shrinkage of subsoil; vertical cracks developed.

Remedial measures:
I. Deep foundation
II. Continuous RCC plinth beams & lintel beams
III. Plantation
 HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT

Remedial measures:
1. Restrict loading intensity
2. Raft or pile foundation
3. Sufficient depth
4. Sheet piles
 LATERAL PRESSURE ON THE SUPER STRUCTURE

Remedial measures:
1. Sufficient thickness of walls
2. Sufficient no. of cross walls
3. Sufficient width of foundation
4. Design the foundation
 ATMOSPHERIC ACTION

Remedial measures:
1. Fill foundation trench with good soil.
2. Ground slope
3. Suitable plinth ht.
4. Design subsoil drainage