TRANSGENIC

ORGANISMS
A L B A E LV I R A A N D PAT R I C I A C E A 4 º B
DEFINITION
DEFINITION

A transgenic organism is an organism that contains a

gene or a set of genes which have been artificially
inserted instead of the organism acquiring them
naturally, through reproduction. Artificially means that
the genes are not naturally inserted. The process of
making transgenic organisms is also refereed to as
genetic engineering.
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
• Transgenic techniques permit the introduction of foreign genes or altered forms of an endogenous
gene (which means having an internal cause or factor) into an organism.

• This technique doesn’t result in the replacement of the endogenous gene, but rather the integration
of additional copies to it.

• The introduced gene it’s called a transgene.

• The organism carrying it (the transgene) is referred to as a transgenic organism.

• Transgenesis is the process by which proceeds stable introduction of a gene into another organism.

• The technique used to insert foreign nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) into a cell, typically to alter the
properties of the cell. It is called transfection.

• Foreign genes are inserted into the germline of the animal, so it can be transmitted to the offspring
DIAGRAM OF TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
PROCESS
TYPES OF ORGANISMS GENETICALLY MODIFIED
 TYPES OF ORGANISMS GENETICALLY
MODIFIED
• The most common genetically modified (GM) organisms are crop plants.
• Microbes are the first organisms to be genetically modified.
• In unicellular organisms such as bacteria or yeast, all the cells are transformed, meaning they
are transgenic.
• In multicellular organisms such as animals and plants, there is manipulation of single cells, not
of all of them.
• To create a whole modified organism is much more difficult and expensive.
CREATING A TRANSGENIC ANIMAL
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
AGRICULTURAL & FARM IMPORTANCE
INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE
• Disease resistant animals: animals are
• Toxicity sensitve tested in transgenic animals
modified in order to develop a disease
to test chemicals
resistance. • Spider silk in goat milk, this means that goats
• For improving quality and quantity of milk,
can produce spider silk by being genetically
meat, eggs and wool prouction.
modified.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE
• Disease model this are non-human animals bearing pathologies that share features with a human
disease, so the disease can be investigated.
• Biorectors for pharmaceuticals, they test the potential damage to the body in transgenic animals.
• Xenotransplantation, which is the process of transplanting organs or tissues between members of
different species
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIAL

MEDICAL
PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC ORGANISM
PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
METHADOLOGY

• STEP 1-construction of a transgene:

Transgene is mede of 3 parts:
-Promoter sequence to drive protein expression
-Gene to be expressed
-Termination sequence
• STEP 2- introduction of foreign gene into the animal.Methods:
-Pronuclear microinjection method
-Embryonic stem cell method
 DNA MICROINJECTION

• This method involves the direct microinjection of a chosen gene, it can be a single gene or a
combination of genes, from another member of the same species or from a different species, into
the pronucleus of a fertilized ovum.
• The eggs are fertilized in vitro.
• The trangene is injected into the male pronucleus using a micropipette.
• Eggs with the transgenes are kept overnight in an incubator to develop to a 2 cell stage
• The eggs are then implanted into the uterus of a female
DNA MICROINJECTION
EMBRYONIC STEM CELL METHOD

• Transgenic animals can be created by manupulating embryonic stem cells.

*embryonic stem (ES)cells are stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cell of a
human embryo.
• The transgene can be incorcoporated into the ES cell by the following methods
- microinjection (like in the previous method)
-by a retro virus
-by electroporation
 EMBRYONIC STEM CELL METHODS

Electroporation
Microinjectiom Retro virus
EXAMPLES OF TRANGENIC ORGANISMS
TRANSGENIC MOUSE
-ALZHEIMER’S MOUSE
Mouse made by introducing amyloid
precursor gene into fertilized egg of mice.
They are used for the study of Alzheimer
-SMART MOUSE
This mouses learn faster like juveniles
throught their lives
-ONCOMOUSE
Is used to study cancer and they are made by
inserting activated oncogenes
 TRANSGENIC PIGS
• Pigs are similar to humas regarding
anatomy and physiology.
• They are used for cell transplantation,
human lifestyle-relates diseases models
and human cancer model.
 TRANSGENIC FOOD

• Transgenic food are produced from organisms that have

been modified genetically which means organisms into
which traits from other living things have been
incorporated (by introducing DNA) so that they
reproduce
• Their defenders believe thay could be used to eradicate
world hunger, while their fetractors wonder what effects
they will have on ecosystems or people’s health.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• https://
www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/tr
ansgenic-pig
• https://es.slideshare.net/SIRIHG/production-of-transgenic-organism
• https://es.slideshare.net/iyyaduraimariappan/transgenic-organisms-72039010
• https://prezi.com/d7jliiqrdxka/transgenic-organism-presentation/
• https://knowgenetics.org/transgenic-organisms/
• https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01929883
• https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gm
os-transgenic-crops-and-732
/
THE
END