PCBA116 MODULE

NO. 8
The Student’s t-Test
What is T-test?
• is a type of inferential statistic used to
determine if there is a significant
difference between the means of two
groups, which may be related in certain
features.
• t-test is less than 30
• a t test is used when we wish to compare
two means (the scores must be measured
on an interval or ratio measurement scale).
Founder of T-Test
• In 1908 William Sealy Gosset, an
Englishman publishing under the
pseudonym Student, developed the t-test
and t distribution.
• He also worked his entire career
for Guiness Brewing, and was trained as a
chemist, but it was his pioneering work in
statistics, in which he was self-taught, that
he is remembered today.
Tabular value
One Sample T-Test
A one-sample t-test is used to test whether a
population mean is significantly different from
some hypothesized value.

df= n-1
 x-bar- sample mean
 μ- hypothesized population
mean
 s- sample standard deviation
 n- sample size
Independent T-test
•The independent t-test, also called
the two sample t-test, independent-
samples t-test or student's t-test, is
an inferential statistical test that
determines whether there is a
statistically significant difference
between the means in two unrelated
groups.
Where:
 mA- mean of the first group
 mB- mean of the second group
 sA2 – variance of the first group
 sB2 – variance of the second group
 nA - sample size of first group
 nB – sample size of second group
Paired T-Test
• The paired sample t-test, sometimes
called the dependent sample t-test.
• A statistical procedure used to determine
whether the mean difference between
two sets of observations is zero. In a
paired sample t-test, each subject or
entity is measured twice, resulting
in pairs of observations. 
 df=n-1

Where:
 d- mean difference
 s- standard deviation
 n- sample size
Illustrative Problem
A coffee chain has two locations, one in Queens and one
in NYC. The coffee chain owner wants to make sure that
all lattes are consistent between the two locations. A
sample of 20 lattes is collected from the Queens store and
is determined to have a sample mean of 4.1 oz. of
espresso per latte with a sample standard deviation of .12
oz. A sample of 22 lattes is then taken from the NYC store
and is determined to have a sample mean of 4.2 oz. if
espresso per latte and a standard deviation of .11 oz. Use
alpha = .05 and run an independent samples t-test to
determine if there is a significant difference between the
amount of espresso between the two coffee shop lattes.