CHE 320 – CHEMICAL

ENGINEERING PROCESS
ANALYSIS II
MODULE II
BALANCES ON NONREACTIVE PROCESSES
Hypothetical Process Paths
By Engr. (Mrs) Abatan O. G.
Hypothetical Process Paths
• As
  we know both depends on the state properties of a specie per
time.
• Temperature and state of aggregation (such as solid, liquid, or gas) and
pressure to a lesser extent. is what is referred to when state properties
are mentioned in energy balance.
• How the specie reached the state property is not what determines the
state.
• It has been concluded that when a specie passes from one state to
another the for the process is totally independent of the path taken.
• 
• The changes associated with internal energy can be classified into five
which are
• Changes in P at constant T and state of aggregation
• Changes in T at constant P and state of aggregation
• Phase changes at constant T and P (melting, solidifying, vaporizing,
condensing and sublimating
• Mixing of two liquids or dissolving of a gas or a solid in a liquid at
constant T and P
• Chemical reaction at constant T and P
Example 2.
• 
• A type one process takes place if you are to compress hydrogen gas from 1 atm
to 300 atm at 25⁰C
• A type 3 and 12 process takes place respectively if you are to melt ice at 0⁰C
and then heat the liquid water to 30⁰C, all at 1 atm
• Mixing which is a type 4 process takes place when sulfuric acid and water is
mixed at a constant temperature of 20⁰C and a constant pressure of 1
• Being able to construct a hypothetical process path from the initial state to the
final state is when the five types above are included. Once we can calculate
and for the five processes, then it will be easy to do that for any process.
Example 3
• 
• Suppose that we wish to calculate for a process in which solid phenol
at 25⁰C and 1 atm is converted to phenol vapor at 300⁰C and 3 atm.
• If we had a table of enthalpies for phenol, we could simply subtract
at the initial state from at the final state, or
Example 3
•  Since the table is not available, we are then to construct a
hypothetical process from the solid at and 1 atm to the vapor at and
3 atm from table B.1, we can get the following;
• Enthalpy changes for the melting of phenol at 1 atm and 42.5 (the
normal melting point of phenol)
• for the vaporization of phenol at 1 atm and 181.4 (the normal boiling
point of phenol).
• 
Example 3
• We therefore choose the following hypothetical process path:
Example 3
•  Determine for steps 1,3,4 and 6 then 2 and 4.
• Then add all together.
•
Assignment
• 
• Cyclohexane vapor at 180 and 5 atm is cooled and condensed to
liquid cyclohexane at 25 and 5 atm. The enthalpy change for the
condensation of cyclohexane at 80.7 and 1 atm is known.
• Water at 30 and 1 atm and NaOH at 25 and 1 atm are mixed to form
an aqueous NaOH solution at 50 and 1 atm. The enthalpy change for
the dissolution of NaOH in water at 25 and 1 atm is known.
• O at 170 and 1 atm and CH at 25 and 1 atm are mixed and react
completely to form CO and H O at 300 and 1 atm. The enthalpy
change for the reaction occurring at 25 and 1 atm is known.