INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

What is intellectual property? This is

category of property that includes
intangible creations of the human
intellect.The types of intellectual property
are copyrights , patents ,trademarks, and
trade secrets .
Philosophical views of property
1. Labour theory.This is a theory of natural
law that holds that property originally
comes about by the exertion of labor upon
2.Utilitarian theory. this theory is based on the
fact that the industrial progress and cultural
goods have a beneficial effect on the
society.Consequently, in order to promote the
inventions and creations, the titular needs a
guarantee that the outcome will be superior to
the costs of his work.
3.Personality theory. It states that the
personality of everyone builds itself in work and
creation. The developing of the personality is
inherent to the property right we have. Hegel,
who is the main source of this theory, claims
that intellectual rights permit and protect the
FAIR USE.The doctrine of Fair Use allows users of
copyrighted works to reproduce and reuse
copyrighted works in ways that are considered
fair such as criticism, comment, news reporting,
teaching, scholarship, and research.
Factors considered in fair-use include.
1. the purpose and character of the use,
including whether such use is of a commercial
nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes
2. the nature of the copyrighted work.
3.the amount and substantiality of the portion
used in relation to the copyrighted work as a
whole.
 Digital Rights Management
This is a way to protect copyrights for digital
media. It includes the use of technologies that
limit the copying and use of copyrighted works
and proprietary software.
How DRM works?including codes that prohibit
copying, or codes that limit the time or number
of devices on which a certain product can be
accessed.
Ways how DRM helps to protect your content,
software, or product include:
1. Restrict or prevent users from editing or
3.Restrict or prevent users from printing your
content.
4.Disallow users from creating screenshots or
screen grabs of your content
5..Set an expiry date on your document or
media, after which the user will no longer be
able to access it.
6.Lock access only to certain IP addresses,
locations, or devices. This means that if your
media is only available to US residents, then it
will not be accessible to people in other
countries.
7.Watermark artworks and documents in order
Benefits of DRMDRM
1. educates users about copyright and
intellectual property.
2.DRM helps make way for better licensing
agreements and technologies.
3.Digital rights management helps protect
income streams.DRM can help ensure that only
paying users are able to watch the video or
movie. It also ensures that the video is only
accessible to a certain audience.
4.Digital rights management can help secure
files and keep them private.
Alternatives to Property Model.
1.GNU projects.This is a free software , mass
collaboration whose goal is to give computer users
freedom and control in their use of their
computers and computing devices by
collaboratively developing and publishing.
2.Open source initiative.The open source
framework provides software users and
developers an alternative method of development
and distribution, alongside other methods that
include freeware, public domain , shareware,
vaporware, and commercial software.
3.Creative Commons are organizations that aim to
. A Creative Commons license allows others to
copy, share and reuse the work with limited or
no restrictions.
Software Piracy
Is the illegal copying of software that does not
belong to you in a manner that violates the
copyright.
Types of Software Piracy
1.Counterfeiting. is the illegal duplication,
distribution and/or sale of copyrighted material
with the intent of imitating the copyrighted
product.
2.Internet PiracyThis occurs when software is
4. Client-Server OveruseThis type of piracy
occurs when too many users on a network are
using a central copy of a program at the same
time.
5. Hard-Disk LoadingThis occurs when a business
sells new computers with illegal copies of
software loaded onto the hard disks

REFERENCE
1.https://www.nortonlifelock.com/about/legal/a
nti-piracy/types-piracy
2.https://www.google.com/url?
q=https://www.upcounsel.com/intellectual-