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    Ayush Pathak
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    Nonlinear systems can contain non-linear elements like friction that oppose relative motion. Friction exists in static form when bodies are at rest and dynamic form during relative motion, with a limiting friction defining the maximum static value. Describing functions characterize nonlinear elements by relating the amplitude and phase of the fundamental harmonic of the output to the input amplitude for a sinusoidal input. Specifically, the describing function defines the output amplitude and phase shift of the fundamental harmonic in terms of the input amplitude.

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    Nonlinear Systems (1) (1)

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    Nonlinear systems can contain non-linear elements like friction that oppose relative motion. Friction exists in static form when bodies are at rest and dynamic form during relative motion, with a limiting friction defining the maximum static value. Describing functions characterize nonlinear elements by relating the amplitude and phase of the fundamental harmonic of the output to the input amplitude for a sinusoidal input. Specifically, the describing function defines the output amplitude and phase shift of the fundamental harmonic in terms of the input amplitude.

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    11 views23 pages

    Nonlinear Systems

    Uploaded by

    Ayush Pathak
    Nonlinear systems can contain non-linear elements like friction that oppose relative motion. Friction exists in static form when bodies are at rest and dynamic form during relative motion, with a limiting friction defining the maximum static value. Describing functions characterize nonlinear elements by relating the amplitude and phase of the fundamental harmonic of the output to the input amplitude for a sinusoidal input. Specifically, the describing function defines the output amplitude and phase shift of the fundamental harmonic in terms of the input amplitude.

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    Nonlinear Systems

    Dr. D. M. Adhyaru
     What is ?

     𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 𝛥
    Friction
    Anything which opposes the relative motion of the body is called friction. It is a kind of non linearity
    present in the system. The common example in an electric motor in which we find coulomb friction drag
    due to the rubbing contact between the brushes and the commutator.
    Friction types :
    Static Friction : Acts on the body when the body is at rest.
    Dynamic Friction : Acts on the body when there is a relative motion between the surface and the body.
    Limiting Friction : It is defined as the maximum value of limiting friction that acts on the body when it is at
    rest.
    Dynamic friction can also be classified as (a) Sliding friction (b) Rolling friction. Sliding friction acts when
    two bodies slides over each other while rolling acts when the bodies rolls over another body.
    In mechanical system we have two types of friction namely (a) Viscous friction (b) Static friction.
    Describing Function

    N = describing function,
    X = amplitude of input sinusoid,
    Y = amplitude of fundamental harmonic component of output,
    φ1 = phase shift of the fundamental harmonic component of
    output.
    Describing Function
    Considering Fundamental Harmonics

    The coefficient A1 and B1 of the Fourier series are given by-


    From definition of describing function we have,

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