INDIA’S NEIGHBOURS

PAKISTAN
History,
Foreign Policy
Role of Army
Chance for Civilian Role,
Obsession with India
Intervention in Afghanistan
DEFINING FOREIGN POLICY
Foreign policy must be synchronized with the national security and economic
policies so as to form an integrated whole in the form of the national grand strategy.
Second, a sound foreign policy must reflect the relative importance or priorities of
the nation’s internal and external objectives that it is expected to support or achieve.
If the supreme national objective is economic development, the pursuit of other
national objectives must be subordinated to it.
Third, foreign policy must strike the right balance between the attainment of short-
term and long-term national objectives.
Source: Husain, Javed. 2016. Pakistan and a World in Disorder – A Grand Strategy
for the Twenty-First Century. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
PAKISTAN’S IDENTITY
safeguarding of the nation’s cultural identity
and values, especially because of the
ideological character of the state
Resistance to hegemony in the regional
context
RESISTANCE TO HEGEMONY
IN THE REGIONAL CONTEXT
Pakistan, therefore, had to face a serious threat to its security from a hostile India from
the very beginning of its existence. India’s hostility reflected itself in several ways
soon after the Partition: its reluctance to share cash balances and military stores with
Pakistan equitably and expeditiously, the stoppage of the flow of river waters into
Pakistan through its control on river headworks located in India, and the trade dispute
because of Pakistan’s refusal to follow India’s decision to devalue its currency. But
above all, this hostility reflected itself in the moves by India to prevent the accession
of Kashmir to Pakistan in violation of the recognized principle that princely states
would accede to India or Pakistan keeping in view the wishes of the majority of their
people. In the case of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, the majority was not only
Muslim but also keen on acceding to Pakistan. Thus was laid the groundwork for the
Kashmir dispute that continues to bedevil Pakistan-India relations and has been the
cause of several wars and armed conflicts between them.
ASSESSMENT
The problem with such a perspective is that
Pakistan views its relationship with India a
zero-sum game, rather than as a win-win
scenario.
SRI LANKA
Geographic compulsions
Love-Hate relationship
The Tamil Question
The Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948 and the Indian and Pakistani Residents Act, 1949

Ethnic Conflict
Human Rights Violations
Reconciliation

Maritime questions
Fishing rights

Economic Cooperation
INDIAN FOREIGN
POLICY
INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY
This part of the lecture will provide a detailed overview of Indian Foreign Policy and
how it is executed despite a small diplomatic corps. It will also look at the context of
how nuclear weapons play a role in meeting its national security needs.
OUTLINE
Making of Indian FP
Ideological Threads – non- alignment and independence
Diplomatic Corps
Regional Interventions
Humanitarian Assistance and Development Assistance
Nuclear Weapons
Role in Multilateral Forums, especially the United Nations
India – US Civil Nuclear Deal – lobbying extensively,
Aspirations of a ‘Great Power’ - Permanent Membership in the UNSC
IDEOLOGICAL THREADS – NON-
ALIGNMENT AND INDEPENDENCE
This carefully calibrated approach was founded, as he argued, ‘on materialistic,
idealistic, and even opportunistic grounds’, where maintaining ‘an attitude of
dignified, friendly aloofness’ had greater potential to serve India’s long-term
interests.
There was little doubt that the value of ‘non-involvement’, even though it grated
Dulles’ strategic sensitivities, had been understood. It deepened what might be called
operational-level understanding beyond the sabre-rattling in the US Congress as also
in popular discourse.
Chaudhuri, Rudra. 2013. Forged in Crisis. HarperCollins Publishers: India.
DIPLOMATIC CORPS
Professional Service
No political appointees as Ambassadors, with some exceptions
According to Sir Girija Shankar Bajpai’s, India’s first Secretary General of the
Ministry of External Affairs, calculations, the Indian services needed at least 1,200
officers. In the middle of 1947, it only had 410.
Present strength is around 4000, less than Singapore, manning 162 missions abroad
REGIONAL INTERVENTIONS
East Pakistan 1971
Maldives 1988
Sri Lanka – 1988
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND
DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
 2004 Tsunami and the
Humanitarian Assistance and
Disaster Recovery (covered
more when discussing Maritime
Affairs)
Development Assistance
DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION
Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation – 8280 slots in 2013-14 and trained generations
of civil servants.
By 2003-04, India had added host of initiatives to its practice of development cooperation.
These included provision of loans, grants, and project assistance to countries in South Asia,
Africa and Latin America, cancellation of debt from highly indebted countries, and relief
assistance to southern partners. Reflecting its growing economic interests, India since 2003-04
also started extending concessional credit lines managed by the EXIM Bank, termed as Lines
of Credit (LOCs). These concessional credit lines have significantly raised the quantum of
India’s development cooperation towards its southern partners. Over the last decade, the
Ministry of Finance along with the EXIM Bank of India has also become prominent in India’s
development cooperation overseas especially considering geo-strategic and commercial nature
of such initiatives. In 2012, the Indian government also established the Development
Partnership Agreement (DPA) housed within the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA).
DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
 Development Assistance in 2013 was US$
1.16 Billion.
3/4th of Development Assistance is given to
South Asian neighbours.
A dollar of development assistance given by
India is not the same as a dollar given by
DAC countries. The nature of Indian
development assistance and the purchasing
power parity of a dollar of Indian aid spent in
India or in the recipient country means that
one dollar of Indian foreign assistance has
greater purchasing power than one dollar in
foreign assistance from any OECD country.
INDIA’S DEVELOPMENT
ASSISTANCE APPROACH
India's development assistance differs from traditional
foreign aid in three main ways:
1. It is demand-driven (identified by the recipient country);
2. It is largely given without conditionalities; and
3. It is administered in a decentralized manner, though it is
now coordinated through the Ministry of External Affairs’
Development Partnership Administration (DPA) structure.
COMPARING INDIA AND
CHINA
OUTLINE
Nuclear Weapons
Role in Multilateral Forums, especially the United
Nations
India – US Civil Nuclear Deal – lobbying
extensively
Aspirations of a ‘Great Power’ - Permanent
Membership in the UNSC
QUESTIONS/COMMENTS
Contact: @readyornought & rpakanati@jgu.edu.in