Induction Motor

Introduction

• The alternating current motor that used

the phenomena of the electromagnetic
induction to produce the current and flux
in the rotor to produce torque is
recognized as the induction motor.
 Introduction

• The first induction motor was invented by

the famed Nikola Tesla in 1887 at his
workshop on 89 Liberty Street, New York.
 Induction Motor
• Most common motors in industry

• Advantages:
– Inexpensive
– Simple Design
– Easy to maintain
– Direct connection to AC power Source
• An Induction Motor works on transforming
action.

• The stator works as the primary while the

rotor works as the secondary.

• It is also called asynchronous motor.

 Principle Operation of Induction Motor

• This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings

and produces an induced voltage in the rotor
windings.

• Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short

circuited, for both squirrel cage and wound-rotor,
and induced current flows in the rotor windings.

• The rotor current produces another magnetic field.

 Two types of Induction Motor
• Single-phase Induction Motor

• Three-phase Induction Motor

 Single Phase Induction Motor
• Simple in construction, cheap in cost, reliable
and easy to repair and maintain.

• Finds its application in vacuum cleaners, fans,

washing machines, centrifugal pumps, blowers,
washing machines, etc.

• Single phase motors are not self starting.

 Working Principle
• Single Phase Induction Motor can be
described by two methods:

 Double revolving field theory

 Cross-field theory
Double Revolving Field Theory

•A single-phase ac current supplies the main

winding that produces a pulsating magnetic field.
•Mathematically, the pulsating field could be divided
into two fields, which are rotating in opposite
directions.
•The interaction between the fields and the current
induced in the rotor bars generates opposing
torque
 Double Revolving Field Theory
•The pulsating filed is divided a forward and
reverse rotating field.

•Motor is started in the direction of forward rotating

field this generates small (5%) positive slip.
– Sr= Ns-Nr/Ns

•Reverse rotating field generates a larger (1.95%)

negative slip.
– Sb= Ns+Nr/Ns
 Types of Single Phase Induction Motor

Split phase motor - The two winding are

placed 90 degree electrical apart & are
connected in parallel across the single
phase AC supply. Whereas the auxiliary
winding has a high resistance & low
reactance.
 Types of Single Phase Induction Motor

Capacitor Start Motor - In these motors, a

capacitor is connected in series with the
starting winding , which takes leading
current & hence produce high starting
torque.
•As the capacitor is used only at start , it is
rated for intermittent duty & the cost of which
decreases.
 Types of Single Phase Induction Motor

Two value capacitor type motor

• This types of motor employs two capacitor
– Start capacitor(Cs)
– Run Capacitor(Cr)

• The Start capacitor is rated for short rating and is

used for starting.
• The Run capacitor is rated for continuous duty as
it is used under running condition also.
 Types of Single Phase Induction Motor

Shaded pole motor

•A shaded pole motor has a stator consisting of salient

poles & a squirrel cage rotor.

•The main winding is wound on the entire pole section.

•When the ac supply is given to the stator winding of

shaded pole motor , due to shading provided on the
salient.
 Applications of Single Phase Induction Motor

• Pumps
• Compressors
• Small fans
• Mixers
• Toys
• High speed vacuum cleaners
• Electric shavers
• Drilling machines
 Three Phase Induction Motor
• The most common and frequently encountered
machines in industry.

• Simple design, low-price, easy maintenance.

• Run essentially as constant speed from no-load to

full load.

• Three phase motors are self starting.

 Working Principle
• A Rotating Magnetic field (RMF) is set up
in the stator when a 3- Phase supply is
given.
• The stationary rotor cut the revolving field
and due to electromagnetic induction an
EMF is induced in the rotor conductor.
• As the rotor conductor is short circuited
current flows through them.
 Types of Three phase induction motors

• Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

• Slip Ring Induction Motor

 It consists of two parts:

 Stator – It is the stationary part of the motor.

 Rotor – It is the rotating part of the motor.

 Stator has three main parts:

 Outer Frame – It is the outer body of the

motor. It protects the inner part of the
machine.

 Stator Core – Built up of high grade silicon

steel. Carries the alternating magnetic field.

 Stator Winding – Has a three phase

winding.
 Squirrel Cage Rotor
• It consists of a laminated cylindrical core having
semi-closed circular slots at the outer periphery.

• Copper or aluminum bar conductors are placed in

these slots and short circuited at each end by
copper or aluminum rings called short circuiting
rings.

• The rotor winding is permanently short circuited

and it is not possible to add any external
resistance.
Exploded view of a squirrel cage rotor
 Wound Type Rotor
• It is also called Slip Ring Rotor.

• Consists of a laminated core having semi closed

slots at the outer periphery and carries a 3-phase
insulated winding.

• The rotor is wound for the same number of poles as

that of stator.

• The three finish terminals are connected together

forming a star point and the three star terminals are
connected to three slip rings fixed on the shaft.
 The Speed of Rotation of a Rotor
• Both the magnetic field and rotor are
rotating.
• To find the speed of the rotor let’s consider
different cases.
 Consider a case where the rotor speed is
same as the magnetic field speed.
 Since both the magnetic field and the rotor
are rotating at same speed, relative to the
rotor, the magnetic field is stationary.
 The rotor will experience a constant magnetic
field, so there won’t be any induced e.m.f and
current. This means zero force on the rotor
bars, so the rotor will gradually slow down.
But as it slows down, the rotor loops will
experience a varying magnetic field, so
induced current and force will rise again and
the rotor will speed up.
 Slip
• The difference between the flux (Ns) and
the rotor speed (N) is called slip.

 % Slip = (Ns – N) × 100

 Slip speed = Ns – N
Exploded view of a wound type rotor
Application of Three Phase Induction Motor

• Pumps and submersible

• Pressing machine
• Lathe machine
• Grinding machine
• Conveyor
• Flour mills
• Compressor
 References

•https://www.slideshare.net/sodanforeva/induction-motor
•https://www.slideshare.net/alibhalli43/induction-motor-
42399983
•https://www.electrical4u.com/single-phase-induction-motor/
•https://www.zmescience.com/science/history-
science/history-induction-motor/
•https://www.slideshare.net/patelandil/single-phase-im
•https://www.electrical4u.com/induction-motor-types-of-
induction-motor/
•https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2020/05/three-phase-
induction-motor.html