Verb

T. Lutidze
2020
 Content
• What is a verb? • Linking verbs
• Action (dynamic) and Stative verbs
• Transitive and Intransitive verbs
• Modal verbs
• Main and Auxiliary verbs • Verb formation
• Auxiliary Verbs be, do, have, will, would
• Phrasal verbs
• Verb Conjugation /Regular and Irregular verbs
• Tenses/Active and Passive Voice
• Finite and non-finite verb forms
• Infinitive, Gerund, Participles
 What is a verb?
• Verbs are doing or action words because they describe what the subject of
a sentence is doing.
• We ran to the train station. (action)

• They can also describe state of the subject.

• I am happy. (state)
 Action and Stative Verbs
მოქმედების და მდგომარეობის ზმნები
 Action and Stative Verbs
• A stative verb, also state verb, is not used in the progressive tenses, even
when talking about a temporary or current situation.
• They express a long-term state or a quality that does not change easily.
Stative verbs mainly refer to the senses, feelings and emotions, long-term
states, and characteristics.
 Action and Stative Verbs
• A handy trick for the beginning is to think of stative verbs as verbs that
come from the head or from the heart. This will help you to remember
some of the most common stative verbs:
From the head From the heart
be ყოფნა dislike სიძულვილი
believe რწმენა, დაჯერება hate სიძულვილი
know ცოდნა like მოწონება
mean გულისხმობა/ მნიშვნელობა love სიყვარული
think შეხედულების ქონა prefer უპირატესობის მინიჭება
understand გაგება want სურვილის ქონა
 Action and Stative Verbs
• We can organize the stative verbs into more groups to help with the learning process:
Category Explanation
Stative verbs for qualities and states Refer to states, qualities and
  characteristics. These are things that are
either permanent or not easily subject to
change.
Stative verbs for feelings express feelings, emotions and
preferences.
Examples
be*, belong, consist, contain, fit, have*,
include, involve, lack, matter, measure*,
need, owe, own, possess, weigh*,
depend, deserve, remain
The chocolate cake contains nuts.
The baking sheet belongs to Tricia.
agree/disagree, like/dislike, love/hate,
mind, prefer, want, wish, surprise
She wants to make sure that they are fine.
She prefers making cheesecake to
biscuits.
 Action and Stative Verbs
Category
 Stative verbs for opinions and
thoughts
Stative verbs for the senses
Explanation
express thoughts and opinions.
express senses and perception
Examples
believe, feel*, know, mean, remember,
suppose, think*, understand, promise
She can’t understand why exactly.
Kathy thinks it is always better to have
more options.
appear, hear, look*, see*, seem, sound,
smell*, taste*, impress
The kitchen smells fantastic.
It just doesn’t taste right.
It looks better than her chocolate cake.
 Action and Stative Verbs
 Some stative verbs can be used in a progressive form, usually with a change of meaning :
Simple Form Progressive Form
Verb
Meaning Example Meaning Example
behaving/acting in an out- Why are you being so
be state/quality By nature Adam is a selfish guy.
of-character manner selfish?
I’m having a great time.
have possession The house has a big kitchen. particular expressions Kathy is having a dinner
party tomorrow.
physical/mental condition I feel better. physical/mental condition I’m feeling better.
feel I felt that the meeting was
opinion (feel that)
successful.
You’re looking good
look current appearance You look good today. current appearance
today.
 Action and Stative Verbs
Simple Form Progressive Form
Verb
Meaning Example Meaning Example
The garden measures around 300 I’m measuring the distance from the
measure size action
square metres. kitchen to the door.
We’ve been seeing each other for a
sight I can see the stars. romantic relationship
few months.
see
have an appointment in
understand I see your point of view. I’m seeing a friend after work.
the future
smell sense The cake smells fantastic. action I’m smelling the roses while I can.
action of trying Today we are tasting some wines for
taste sense The cake tastes fantastic.
food/drink the wedding.
Kathy thinks it’s always good to have She is thinking about making some
think believe action (think about)
options. biscuits.
She is weighing the flour for the
weigh how heavy The baby weighs eight pounds. action
cake.
 Transitive and Intransitive verbs
გარდამავალი და გარდაუვალი

• Transitive verbs must have a direct object:

• I enjoyed the party
• William likes chocolate
• Intransitive verbs can’t have a direct object. Intransitive verbs also can’t
make a passive.
• They arrived.
• The children are sleeping.
 Transitive and Intransitive verbs
გარდამავალი და გარდაუვალი

• Many verbs have a transitive and an intransitive form:

• John ate the pizza (transitive).
• John ate (intransitive).
• Also, some verbs that have more than one meaning can be transitive or
intransitive depending on which meaning is being used.
• I see the mountains (see = see with your eyes, transitive).
• I see (see = understand, intransitive).
 Main and Auxiliary verbs
• The main verb tells us what the action in the sentence is. The main verb
can be:
• She eats cereal for breakfast.  in present form of the verb
• My dog doesn’t bark.  bare infinitive
• Yesterday at 3 pm, they were speaking on the telephone.  present participle
• I haven’t had my breakfast yet.  past participle
• Sometimes auxiliary verb and main verb are the same, as in the example
above.
 Main and Auxiliary verbs
• Some English tenses are conjugated with more than one verb, for example
the present progressive or present perfect:
• I was playing the piano when you came.
• We have never been to Egypt.
• These tenses are known as compound tenses because they are conjugated
using an auxiliary verb and a main verb.
 Main and Auxiliary verbs
• The auxiliary verbs help us to conjugate the tense. It gives us information
about person, number as well as the time or state of an action i.e. a
negated action, a completed past action or action in progress:
• My dog doesn’t bark.  negated action in simple present, third person singular
• I have read the newspaper.  completed action in present perfect
• Yesterday at 3 pm, they were speaking on the telephone.  action in progress in
past progressive
• Auxiliary verbs are: do, be, have, will and would.
 Auxiliary verb “be”
• The verb be can be used as an auxiliary verb and as a main verb. Be is an
irregular verb: be/ was, were/been/being
• Be is an auxiliary verb for progressive/continuous tenses and for the passive
voice:
• I am playing football/They were playing football./He has been playing football./He
had been playing football.  progressive/continuous tenses
• The house is built/The house was built./The house has been built/The house had been
built./The house will be built.  Passive voice.
 Auxiliary verb “have”
• The verb have can be used as an auxiliary verb and as a main verb. Have is
an irregular verb: have/had/had/having.
• Have is used as an auxiliary verb for perfect tenses in the active and the
passive voice:
• They have played football./ He has played football./ He had played football./ I have
been playing football./ He has been playing football./ He had been playing
football.  perfect tenses
• The house has been built/The house had been built  present/past perfect passive
 Auxiliary verb “do”
• The verb do can be an auxiliary verb or a main verb. Do is an irregular
verb: do/did/done/doing.
• We use do as an auxiliary verb for negative sentences and questions in the
simple present and the simple past:
• They do not play football./ He does not play football./ Do they play football?/ Does
he play football?  simple present
• They did not play football./ Did he play football?  simple past
 Auxiliary verb “will”
• The verb will is a modal auxiliary verb. It is invariable as it has only one
form: will
• We use will for the future simple and progressive tenses as well as the first
conditional:
• He will not play football. (future simple)
• He will have played football. (future progressive)
• If he plays football, he will be tired. (first conditional)
 Auxiliary verb “would”
• Would is an auxiliary verb - a modal auxiliary verb. It is invariable as it has only one form:
would.
• We use would mainly to:
• talk about the past  Every summer we would go to the seaside.
• talk about the future in the past  In London she met the man that she would one day marry.
• express the conditional mood  If you asked me I would say no.
• Express desire, polite requests and questions, opinion or hope, wish and regret:
• I would love to live here.
• Would you open the door, please?
• I wish you would stay! etc.
 Auxiliary verb “would”
• The basic structure for would is: subject + auxiliary verb would + main
verb (in the base form): I would like tea.
• Main verb can be in the base form, as in the example above, or as shown
below:
• have + past participle: He would have gone
• be + -ing He would be going
 Verb Conjugation (უღლება) /Regular and
Irregular verbs
• Verb conjugation refers to how a verb changes to show a different person,
tense, number or mood.
• Verb tense indicates when the action in a sentence is happening (e.g., in the
present, future, or past).
• Depending on the tense we are using, a verb must be conjugated into
different forms. In the simple present an -s is added to the bare infinitive in
the third person singular:
• to eat → He eats.
 Verb Conjugation (უღლება) /Regular and
Irregular verbs
• In the simple past and past participle verb forms, -ed is added to regular
verbs, but irregular verbs must be learnt by heart:
• to wag → The dog wagged his tail happily.
• to eat → I have never eaten an insect.
• In the progressive tenses, -ing is added to a verb to form the present
participle:
• to speak → They are speaking on the telephone.
 Tenses/ Active Voice
  Present Past Future Future in the past
 

Simple/Indefinite I do I did I will do I would do

Progressive/Continuo I am doing I was doing I will be doing I would be doing
us

Perfect I have done I had done I will have done I would have done

Perfect I have been doing I had been doing I will have been doing I would have been
Progressive/Continuo doing
us
 Tenses/ Passive Voice
  Present Past Future Future in the past
 

Simple/Indefinite is done was done will be done would be done

Progressive/ is being done was being done
Continuous X X
Perfect have been done had been done will have been done would have been
done

Perfect Progressive/
Continuous X X X X
 Finite and non-finite verb forms
• Finite verbs give us information about tense, person and number and describe the action or state
taking place in a sentence:
• I am going to the supermarket to buy some milk.
• I fell asleep at 9 pm.
• Non-finite verbs do not provide information about tense, person and number. Non-finitive verbs
include infinitives, gerunds (-ing form) and participles:
• I went to the supermarket to buy some milk. (infinitive)
• Shopping is fun way to spend a Saturday. (gerund)
• Exhausted from a long day of shopping, I fell asleep at 9 pm. (past participle)
Infinitive
Gerund
Present Participle
Past Participle