NDRRMC

National Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Council (NDRRMC)
Pambansang Tanggapan para sa Pagtugon ng Sakuna
The National Disaster Risk Reduction &

Management Council (NDRRMC), formerly known
as the National Disaster Coordinating
Council (NDCC), is a working group of various
government, non-government, civil sector and
private sector organizations of the Government of
the Republic of the Philippines established by R.A.
10121 of 2009.

Management Council (NDRRMC)
- stands as the president’s advisory body in setting
up preparedness programs, disaster operations,
and rehabilitation efforts.

Management Council (NDRRMC)
- stands as the president’s advisory body in setting
up preparedness programs, disaster operations,
and rehabilitation efforts.
It is administered by the Office of Civil

Defense under the Department of
National Defense (DND).
The Council is responsible for ensuring
the protection and welfare of the people
during disasters or emergencies.
The Council utilizes the UN Cluster Approach in

disaster management. It is the country's focal for
the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management
and Emergency Response (AADMER) and many
other related international commitments.
Formed February 2010
Preceding Agency National Disaster Coordinating Council
(est. October 19, 1970)
Type Strategic Emergency Management
Jurisdiction Government of the Philippines
Headquarters Camp Aguinaldo, EDSA cor. Boni Serrano,
Quezon City, Philippines
Agency executive Ricardo Jalad, Executive Director
Parent agency Department of National Defense
Functions
a. Center for government and private sector
coordination for disaster management.
b. Allocate the resources in the country to
areas that need support.
Regional Level
Provincial Level
City Level
According of R.A. 10121,
various local governments
throughout the country
should established Local
DRRM Offices at the
regional, provincial,
municipal, city and
barangay levels.
As functional arms of the local governments, these Offices are
responsible to create a Local Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan according to the Framework of the
NDRRMC covering 4 aspects including disaster
preparedness, response, prevention and mitigation, and
rehabilitation and recovery.
Local Offices usually have a Chief DRRM
Officer supported by Administrative and
Training, Research and Planning,
Operations and Warning Officers.
Some of these Offices have advanced to

organizing their own search and rescue and
emergency medical services squads and
command-control-and-communications
centers.
Council Membership
In February 2010, the National Disaster Coordinating
Council (NDCC) was renamed, reorganized, and
subsequently expanded. The following heads of
agencies compose the NDRRMC:
Chairperson - Secretary of Department of National
Defense – Delfin Lorenzana
Vice Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness -
Secretary of Interior and Local Government
- Mike Sueno
Vice Chairperson for Disaster Response -
Secretary of Department of Social Welfare and
Development – Virginia N.Orogo
Council Membership
In February 2010, the National Disaster Coordinating
Council (NDCC) was renamed, reorganized, and
subsequently expanded. The following heads of
agencies compose the NDRRMC:
Chairperson - Secretary of Department of National
Defense – Delfin Lorenzana
Vice Chairperson for Disaster Prevention and
Mitigation - Secretary of the Department of Science
and Technology – Fortunato dela Pena
Vice Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation and
Recovery - Director-General of the National Economic
Development Authority – Ernesto Pernia
Secretary of the Department of Health
Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Secretary of the Department of Agriculture
Secretary of the Department of Education
Secretary of the Department of Energy
Secretary of the Department of Finance
Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry
Secretary of the Department of Transportation and Communication
Secretary of the Department of Budget and Management
Secretary of the Department of Public Works and Highways
Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs
Secretary of the Department of Justice
Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment
Secretary of the Department of Tourism
Secretary of the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources
Secretary of the Department of Transportation and
Communication
Secretary of the Department of Budget and
Management
Secretary of the Department of Public Works and
Highways
Secretary of the Department of Labor and
Employment
The Executive Secretary
Secretary of the Office of the Presidential Adviser
on the Peace Process
Chairman, Commission on Higher Education
Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines
Chief, Philippine National Police
Secretary of the Office of the
Presidential Adviser on the Peace
Process
Chairman, Commission on
Higher Education
Chief of Staff, Armed Forces
of the Philippines
Commandant,
Philippine Coast Guard
The Press Secretary
Secretary-General of the Philippine Red Cross
Commissioner of the National Anti-Poverty Commission - Victims of Disasters
and Calamities Sector
Chairperson, National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women
Chairman, Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council
Executive-Director of the Climate Change Office of the Climate Change
Commission
Commandant, Philippine Coast Guard
The Press Secretary

Commission
The Press Secretary
Secretary-General of
the Philippine Red Cross
Commission
The Press Secretary
Commissioner of the National Anti-

Poverty Commission - Victims of
Disasters and Calamities Sector
Commission
The Press Secretary
Chairperson, National
Commission on the Role of
Filipino Women
Commission
The Press Secretary
Chairman, Housing and Urban

Development Coordinating
Council
Commission
The Press Secretary
Executive-Director of the
Climate Change Office of the
Climate Change Commission
President, Government Service Insurance
System
President, Social Security System
President, Philippine Health Insurance Corporation;
President of the Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines
President of the League of Provinces in the Philippines
President of the League of Municipalities in the Philippines
President of the League of Cities in the Philippines
President of the Liga ng Mga Barangay
Four representatives from the Civil Sector Organizations
One representative from the Private Sector
Administrator of the Office of Civil Defense
President, Government Service Insurance System
President, Philippine Health Insurance
Corporation
President, Union of Local Authorities of the
Philippines
President, Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines
President, League of Provinces in the
Philippines
President, League of Provinces in the Philippines
President, League of Municipalities in the
Philippines
President, League of Municipalities in the Philippines
President, League of Cities in the
Philippines
President, League of Cities in the Philippines
President, Liga ng Mga Barangay
Four representatives from the Civil Sector
Organizations
Administrator, Office of Civil Defense
NATIONAL DEFENSE
Secretary- DELFIN LORENZANA
NATIONAL DEFENSE
Secretary- Delfin Lorenzana
• Convener of the council.

• Calls on other government agencies and
private agencies for assistance when needed.
INTERIOR and LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Secretary – EDUARDO AŇO
Secretary – EDUARDO AŃO
• Handles and supervises the

organization of lower-level DRRMC
and disaster operation centers in all
local governments.
Secretary – EDUARDO AŃO
• Trains staff members and

facilitates coordination with other
government agencies, the Red
Cross, and other concerned
parties.
SOCIAL WELFARE AND DEV’T
Usec – VIRGINIA N. OROGO
SOCIAL WELFARE AND DEV’T
Usec – Virginia N. Orogo
• Facilitates relief initiatives.

• Ensures social services to be
available immediately to the
survivors.
HEALTH
Secretary – DR. FRANCISCO DUQUE
HEALTH
Secretary – Dr. FRANCISCO DUQUE
• Ensures that health services are

maintained or re-established as
soon as possible during disasters.
HEALTH
Secretary – Dr. Francisco Duque
• To oversee the status of various

hospitals, clinics, and other health
centers.
LABOR and EMPLOYMENT
Secretary – SILVESTRE BELLO III
LABOR and EMPLOYMENT
Secretary – Silvestre Bello III
• Initializes programs that extend

employment to survivors, as well as
ensuring disaster preparedness in
all factories and industrial centers
via disaster control groups.
EDUCATION
Secretary – LEONOR BRIONES
EDUCATION
Secretary – Leonor Briones
• Spreading the word of disaster

preparedness and mitigation.
• Coordinates with other agencies
in transforming public schools as
evacuation centers.
EDUCATION
Secretary – Leonor Briones
• Organizes disaster reaction teams

in all schools.
TRADE and INDUSTRY
Secretary – RAMON LOPEZ
TRADE and INDUSTRY
Secretary – Ramon Lopez
• Ensures that the increase of

prices do not happen by setting
price caps (prices of goods and
services usually rise) during
emergencies.
TRADE and INDUSTRY
Secretary – Ramon Lopez
• Coordinates disaster reaction

teams in commercial buildings and
recreational areas.
AGRICULTURE
Secretary – EMMANUEL PINOL
AGRICULTURE
Secretary – Emmanuel Pinol
• Crops, livestock, and fisheries

also receive substantial damage
during disasters.
AGRICULTURE
Secretary – Emmanuel Pinol
• To survey the disaster areas to

determine the extent of damage
and to extend technical assistance
to farmers who were affected.
ENV’T and NATURAL RESOURCES
Secretary – ROY CIMATU
Secretary – Roy Cimatu
• Provides initiatives for

reforestation and mitigating
hazards from floods, landslides,
subsidence, and other geological
hazards.
Secretary – Roy Cimatu
• Provides technical assistance

regarding pollution release from
mines and other industrial areas.
FINANCE
Secretary – CARLOS DOMINGUEZ III
FINANCE
Secretary – Carlos Dominguez III
-Ensures that funding requirements

are met for relief and rehabilitation.
-Sets the ground rules for the use of

funds during emergency situations.
PUBLIC WORKS and HIGHWAYS
Secretary – MARK VILLAR
Secretary – Mark Villar
-To ensure infrastructure

stability as soon as possible.
-Initiates projects that seek to
mitigate risks such as flood
control dikes and floodways.
Secretary – Mark Villar
-Also provides equipment for

relief and rescue operations.
TOURISM
Secretary – BERNADETTE ROMULO-PUYAT
TOURISM
Secretary – Bernadette Romulo-Puyat
• Organizes disaster
awareness in hotels and other
hospitality-related areas
TRANSPORTATION and
COMMUNICATIONS
Secretary – ARTHUR TUGADE
TRANSPORTATION and COMMUNICATIONS
Secretary – Arthur Tugade
Disasters affect large

geographic areas.
Communication is one of the
first to go down.
The Secretary of DOTC,

• to restore communication lines in
coordination with the NTC-Nat’l
Telecommunications Commission.

• coordinates the logistics of
transporting relief goods.

• facilitating relief operations in
coordination with other pertinent
government agencies.
OFFICE of CIVIL DEFENSE
Administrator – Usec. Ricardo B. Jalad
Administrator – Usec. RICARDO B. JALAD
In partnership with the convener,

the administrator is tasked to :
• coordinate the various activities
of all other government agencies.
Administrator – Usec. Ricardo B. Jalad
In partnership with the convener,

the administrator is tasked to :
• supervise proper execution of
the rules and regulations of the
NDRRMC.
NATATIONAL ECONOMIC and
DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
Dir.Gen. – ERNESTO PERNIA
NATATIONAL ECONOMIC and
DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
Dir.Gen. – Ernesto Pernia
He determines the overall

socio-economic effect of
disasters nationwide.
THE PHIL. NATIONAL RED CROSS
Chairman – Richard Gordon
Secretary General – Atty. Oscar P. Palabyab
In terms of disaster awareness

and prevention,
This agency facilitates training
programs of smaller agencies of
the NDRRMC.
The Secretary-General,
• assists in providing emergency
relief and helps in coordination
with international agencies and
the global RED CROSS.
ARMED FORCES of the PHILIPPINES
Chief of Staff – Gen. Carlito Galvez Jr.
The level of security in a disaster zone

generally decreases in the immediate
aftermath.
It is the Armed Forces’ task through the

leadership of the Chief of Staff
• to ensure security of civilians and
personalities working in the disaster
zone.

• to facilitates evacuation of people
from danger zones.
Chief of Staff – Gen . Carlito Galvez Jr.

• to ensures smooth flow of relief
supplies and personnel.
The Military’s Major
Role in Disaster
Management
Philippine Army
Philippine Air Force
Philippine Navy
ARMY
The ARMY acts as a source of manpower for the

restoration of vital infrastructure such as ROADS,
BRIDGES, POWER facilities, and other PUBLIC
WORKS.
ARMY
The ARMY members

•Coordinate with the people from the DPWH in their
tasks.
AIR FORCE
AIR FORCE
The AIR FORCE works closely with the DOTC and

ATO (Air Transportation Office).
Because the country is archipelagic the most
efficient way of transporting goods, especially during
emergency situations, is through AIR.
AIR FORCE
This branch of military

•facilitates and augments logistical needs.
•Initializes aerial search-and-rescue and manages
immediate repair of damaged airport facilities.
AIR FORCE
This branch of military

•Coordinates plans for air crashes outside airport
facilities.
•Staff members coordinate with PAGASA to ensure
safe flying conditions both during disaster and
normal situations.
The NAVY
• ensures the rehabilitation and operations of the sea
ports.
•coordinate with the Philippine Coast Guard in
monitoring and executing rescue operations.
The Philippine
Disaster Management
Framework
MITIGATION
MAIN AREAS
REHABILITATION
OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
MGMT
RESPONSE
MITIGATION
MAIN AREAS
OF DISASTER
MGMT
MITIGATION
•The government sets up measures and

initiates programs that aim to minimize
the impacts of NATURAL and MAN-
MADE HAZARDS from the village to
national levels.
MITIGATION
AIM
To reduce vulnerability by decreasing risk
while coping with the hazards.
2 Main Measures
1.Insurance from natural calamities
2.Regulations
( e.g., strict implementation of fire and
building codes)
PREPAREDNESS
MAIN
AREAS OF
DISASTER
MGMT
PREPAREDNESS
Before disasters, individuals, groups

and those at the national level .
• initiate measures designed to

minimize loss of life and property.
PREPAREDNESS
This can range from the household level

to community levels through training,
planning, stockpiling, and completing
information regarding the hazards.
RESPONSE
MAIN
AREAS OF
DISASTER
MGMT
RESPONSE
Any action by individual agencies

Collection of agencies both on PUBLIC
and PRIVATE levels
• providing assistance and relief to the
VICTIMS during disasters.
RESPONSE
It involves the notification of response

units that alerts, receives, and
disseminates warnings to concerned
communities.
REHABILITATION
MAIN
AREAS OF
DISASTER
MGMT
REHABILITATION
This is usually the longest and most

difficult stage of the framework.
REHABILITATION
AIMS
• to restore normalcy in the affected
regions by restoring all infrastructure
and basic utilities back to their normal
operational states.
REHABILITATION
AIMS
• to restore normalcy in the affected regions by restoring all
infrastructure and basic utilities back to their normal
operational states.
• it also involves the release of funds in
a timely and reasonable manner.
PREPAREDNESS
TROPICAL
CYCLONES
The Philippines lies in one
of the most active regions
for tropical cyclone
formation.
The western Pacific has

long been known for
producing the most intense
tropical systems anywhere
in the world.
Tropical cyclones have
different names in certain
places around the world.
North Atlantic :Hurricane

Indian Ocean: Cyclone
Western Pacific : Typhoon
TYPHOON
-refers to any tropical system in the
Philippines.
-By definition, systems with one-minute
average winds of 117 kph are only then
considered typhoons following the
definition of the Joint Typhoon
Warning Center (JTWC).
PAGASA
Phil. Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services
Administration
• employs its own nomenclature for

tropical systems.
•A name is given to any system entering
the Philippines Area of Responsibility
(PAR) at depression intensity.
PAGASA
Phil. Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services
Administration
• Four basic categories employed by the

JTWC which applies to tropical systems:
1. Tropical depression (› 62 kph)
2. Tropical storm (62 – 117 kph)
3. Typhoon (›117 kph)
4. Supertyphoon (› 241 kph)
PAGASA Typhoon Signal Warnings
SIGNAL WIND SPEED DESCRIPTION
NUMBER (10 min mean) (Impact)
30 – 60 kph Minimal damage to infrastructure.
1 (within 36 hours) Agriculture may be affected in localities close
to the path of the cyclone.
Minimal damage to exposed communities.
60 – 100 kph Some trees may be tilted, or become
2 (within 24 hours) uprooted.

Agriculture will be adversely affected.
Old roofing and some light materials may be
blown off.
Light to moderate damage to exposed
communities.
PAGASA Typhoon Signal Warnings
SIGNAL WIND SPEED DESCRIPTION
NUMBER (10 min mean) (Impact)
100 – 185 kph Trees uprooted and massive agricultural
3 (within 18 hours) damage.
Utilities and electrical power disruptions.
Moderate to heavy damage to exposed
communities.
› 185 kph The eye of a major storm is passing directly
4 (within 12 hours) over the community.

Widespread evacuations as well as catastrophic
damage to infrastructure and agriculture.
Utility and communication services may be out
of service for lengthy periods of time after the
passing of the system.
May require national and international
response to address relief and retrieval
operations.
FLOODING
• results from heavy precipitation and
poor drainage.
• can also result not just from tropical
systems, but also from monsoons which
account for a substantial percentage of
the country’s annual rainfall.
FLOODING
The government also issues flood
warnings, based on the anticipated
amount of rain in a certain time period.
Flood warnings have an associated color

to denote the severity of the potential
flood and its effects.
PAGASA
• used the yellow-orange-red scheme of
classification since 2012.
These colors are associated with the
required response from the population
given the effects:
Yellow (awareness),
Orange (preparedness) and,
Red (emergency)
PAGASA rainfall classification scheme
Color Rainfall Rate Effects Response
More than 30 mm in one hour Serious flooding Evacuation
(and expected to continue for expected in low
the next two hours) lying areas
15 – 30 mm in one hour Flooding is Alert
( and expected to continue threatening (for possible
for the next two hours) evacuation)
7.5 – 15 mm in one hour Flooding is possible Monitor
( and expected to continue for (weather
the next two hours) conditions)
Not all areas flood.
Certain areas that are prone to
flooding than others.
Aside from low-lying areas, portions of
rivers called flood plains may regularly
experience flooding.
FLOOD PLAINS
are the natural allowance of rivers
with consideration to intense
precipitation events.
Factors that affect flooding
Rapid urbanization as well as other
factors have led to the concealment of
these areas.
Floods may soon reveal that certain

areas are built in flood plains.
Tidal forces
State of the drainage system
Precautionary measures for flood
1. pre-flood
2. During the flood
3. Post- flood
Emergency Kit
1.pre-flood Food
Flashlight (battery operated)
Candles
2. During the flood Cooking equipment
Matches
3. Post- flood Medical supplies
Whistle
Education is the key during the pre-flood period.

Awareness on the area is flood prone
Basic knowledge on the frequency of flood events.
The family must be aware of any flood warning systems. (if any)
Aware on the evacuation centers
Monitor the weather reports (esp. rainy season)
Keep in stock an emergency kit
1. pre-flood
2.During the flood
3. Post- flood
Keep calm and evacuate when authorities make

the announcement.
Avoid being immersed in flood waters.
1. pre-flood
2. During the flood
3.Post- flood
After the flood, make sure that everyone in your
household is accounted for.
When safe, enter your home with caution.
Use flashlight as there might be flammable
materials released during the flood.
MEASUREMENT and LOCATION
Earthquake Hazards
HAZARD – is closely related to risk; but in
reality, hazard and risk mean different
things, even if they are often used as
synonyms.
Earthquake Hazards
HAZARDS – are natural phenomena that
might impact a region regardless of whether
there is anyone around to experience these
hazards or not.
Preparing for an Earthquake
1. Be mindful of earthquakes and fire
evacuation plans for all the
establishments you stay in
regularly.
2. Pick safe places in every room of
your home, working environment (e.g.,
office, and school). A safe place could
be under a piece of household
furniture (e.g., sturdy dinner table) or
against a wall far from windows,
cabinets, or tall furniture that could
fall on you.
3. Rehearse “drop, cover, and hang on”
in every sheltered place. In the event
that you don’t have strong furniture to
hold on to, sit on the floor alongside an
inside divider and cover your head and
neck with your arms.
4. Keep an electric lamp and durable
shoes near every individual’s bed,
should an earthquake strike in the
middle of the night.
5. Ensure your house is secure in its

foundation.
Before an Earthquake
1. Drop, cover, and hang on. Move as
little as could be expected under the
circumstances.
2. Stay away from windows to avoid

being harmed by smashed glass.
3. If you are inside a building, stay
inside until the shaking stops and until
you are certain it is safe to exit. Use the
stairs instead of the elevator, as there
might be consequential convulsions,
control blackout, and other dangers.
4. Keep in mind that fire alerts and
sprinklers could go off in buildings
during earthquakes, even if there is no
fire.
5. If you are outside, locate a clear and
safe spot (e.g. far from structures,
electrical cables, trees, streetlights)
and drop to the ground. Remain there
until the shaking stops.
After an Earthquake
1. After an earthquake, the disastrous
effects may continue. Expect and get
ready for potential aftershocks,
landslides, or even a tsunami.
After an Earthquake
2. Every time you feel a post-quake
tremor, drop, cover, and hold on.
Aftershocks can possibly happen
minutes, days, weeks, and even
months after an earthquake.
3. Take a look at yourself for wounds
and get first aid, if necessary, before
helping harmed or trapped people.
PREPAREDNESS
LANDSLIDES
LANDSLIDE
It is another phenomenon that changes Earth’s

surface.
It involves mass (such as rocks, soil, mud)

movement from a higher level to a lower level.
CAUSES
Different natural
processes
Human activities
View of the Southern Leyte
rockslide-debris avalanche
toe
2006
St. Bernard,
Southern Leyte Mudslide
A massive rock slide-debris avalanche occurred on February 17, 2006 in the Philippine
province of Southern Leyte that caused widespread damage and loss of life. The deadly
landslide followed a ten-day period of heavy rains and a minor earthquake of
magnitude 2.6 on the Richter scale. The official death toll stands at 1,126.
View of the Southern Leyte rockslide-
Map showing the location of the debris avalanche body from the landslide
landslide area crown. Distance to the toe is
approximately 4 km.
PREPAREDNESS
TSUNAMIS
TSUNAMI WAVES
- Are low in amplitude but have long wavelengths
and travel at hundreds of kilometers per hour.
1976 a magnitude 8.0 Quake

Moro Gulf of Mindanao
-generated a 5-m (18ft) high tsunami that
devastated 700km of coastline.
-caused 5 000 – 8 000 fatalities
- most devastating earthquake in recent history.
The world’s strongest earthquake in
the 20th century happened in Chile.
This caused a tsunami to travel across

the entire Pacific Ocean, bringing
devastation to the shores of the
Philippines and other countries such
as Japan and Indonesia.
PREPAREDNESS
CLIMATE
CHANGE
Effects of Global Warming
DESERTIFICATION
- once fertile agriculture lands transforming
into desert or semi-arid areas.
LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND

- The main consequence of desertification.
CHANGES IN THE
REGIONS SUITABLE
FOR CROP AND
LIVESTOCK
- Areas once suitable for certain crops may
now see changes wherein their growth is
AFFECTED, possibly due to CHANGES in
rainfall and higher temperatures.
SEA-LEVEL RISE
- Higher temperatures lead to MELTING of
the POLAR ICE CAPS, thus increasing the
volume of sea water, which in turn leads to
increased COASTAL FLOODING.
MIGRATION
- As agricultural patterns change and
become more severe, people resort to
migration as conditions in their area become
more extreme.

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National Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Council (NDRRMC)

Pambansang Tanggapan para sa Pagtugon ng Sakuna

The National Disaster Risk Reduction &

The National Disaster Risk Reduction &

The National Disaster Risk Reduction &

It is administered by the Office of Civil

The Council utilizes the UN Cluster Approach in

Some of these Offices have advanced to

The Press Secretary

Commissioner of the National Anti-

Chairman, Housing and Urban

• Convener of the council.

• Handles and supervises the

• Trains staff members and

• Facilitates relief initiatives.

• Ensures that health services are

• To oversee the status of various

• Initializes programs that extend

• Spreading the word of disaster

• Organizes disaster reaction teams

• Ensures that the increase of

• Coordinates disaster reaction

• Crops, livestock, and fisheries

• To survey the disaster areas to

• Provides initiatives for

• Provides technical assistance

-Ensures that funding requirements

-Sets the ground rules for the use of

-To ensure infrastructure

-Also provides equipment for

Disasters affect large

The Secretary of DOTC,

The Secretary of DOTC,

The Secretary of DOTC,

In partnership with the convener,

In partnership with the convener,

He determines the overall

In terms of disaster awareness

The level of security in a disaster zone

It is the Armed Forces’ task through the

It is the Armed Forces’ task through the

It is the Armed Forces’ task through the

The ARMY acts as a source of manpower for the

The ARMY members

The AIR FORCE works closely with the DOTC and

This branch of military

This branch of military

•The government sets up measures and

Before disasters, individuals, groups

• initiate measures designed to

This can range from the household level

Any action by individual agencies

It involves the notification of response

This is usually the longest and most

The western Pacific has

North Atlantic :Hurricane

• employs its own nomenclature for