Research Methodology

Introduction &Basic concept

 Introduction Research Skills Research Type of Research
77thth week
week exam
exam
(1 & 2) and Steps (3) Approaches (4) (5 & 6)

Research topic / Research

Research Proposal Literature review
12
12 week
week exam
th
th
exam Research
(10) (9) Ethics (8)
introduction (11)

Research Research
Presentation Skills
problem/question conclusion and Final
Final Exam
Exam
(15)
/objective (13) abstract (14)

Writing
Writing –– Methodology
Methodology –– Researcher
Researcher -- Exams
Exams

Research Methodology - Prof. Eman Siam 2

 Origin
• The word “research” is derived from the Middle
French “recherche”,
Which mean to “go about seeking”.

Research • It is a compound word consisting of “re” and

Methodology “cherche”, meaning ‘search’.

• Earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.

Research Methodology - Prof. Eman Siam 3

What is the purpose of research?

search include defining

Formulating hypothesis Collecting, organizing
and redefining
or suggested solutions. and evaluating data.
problems.

Carefully testing the

conclusions to
Making Educations and
determine whether
reaching conclusions.
they fit the formulating
hypothesis.

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5
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 Research Definition
• Research is a careful investigation or inquiry specifically through a search for new
facts in any branch of knowledge.

• It is an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its

advancement.

• It can be simply defined as a task of searching from available data to modify a

certain result or theory

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Research Methodology - Prof. Eman Siam 8
 Definition of Fact

• The fact is something, that has actually taken place or known to have
existed, which can be validated with pieces of evidence.

• They are strictly defined, and can be measured, observed and proven.

• It refers to something that makes statements true and used in

connection with research and study.

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 Definition of Fact

• A fact can be an event or information, based on real occurrences

which can be tested through verifiability, i.e. they are supported by
proofs, statistics or documentation.

• Therefore, a fact is nothing but a verifiable truth or reality which are

agreed upon by most of people.

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 • The term ‘opinion’ is defined as the personal
view or judgment about a subject, that may or
may not be strengthen by the facts or positive
knowledge.

Definition of • In other words, an opinion is an inconclusive

Opinion statement, used in subjective matters, which
cannot be proved true or false.

• It is what a person thinks or feels about

something or someone.
• Hence it is not a true but biased information.

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 Definition of Opinion

Opinion is highly affected by a

person’s feelings, thoughts, point Therefore, due to individual
of view, desires, attitude, differences, every person’s
experiences, understanding, opinion on a particular matter is
beliefs, values, etc., which cannot also different.
be tested by concrete evidence.

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 Fact is described as the statement that
can be verified or proved to be true.

Opinion is an expression of judgment or

belief about something.
Key Differences
Between Fact &
Opinion Fact based on observation or research
while opinion is based on assumption.

Fact is an objective reality whereas

opinion is a subjective statement.

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 Facts explain what actually happened.
Unlike an opinion, that represents a
perception about something.

One important feature of the fact is that

Key Differences it is universal and does not differ from
Between Fact & person to person.
Opinion
As against this, every human being has a
different opinion on a particular subject
and so, it varies from one person to
another.
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 Facts can be verified with the help of
evidence or statistics. On the contrary,
opinion is not supported by any evidence.
Facts are shown with unbiased words,
however, opinion is expressed with biased
Key Differences words.
Between Fact &
Facts can change anybody’s opinion, but
Opinion vice versa is not possible.

Facts are real information and so it cannot

be challenged or debated, but if we talk
about opinions, they can be debated.
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Choosing a Research Topic
Choosing a Research Topic

A successful research project starts with a good topic.

But how can you decide what to pick?
Choosing a Research Topic
The first thing to do is read your assignment carefully.
How long does it have to be?
How many sources will you need?
Are any topics off-limits?
Choosing a Research Topic
Choosing a good research topic has two main steps:

• Step 1: Select a broad topic of interest.

• Step 2: Narrow it down to an effective research topic once you
have learned a little more.
Choosing a Research Topic
There are many places that
can help you find a broad
topic idea, including news
sources, magazines,
course materials, or even a
conversation with friends,
family or your instructor.
Choosing a Research Topic
 But there are also a few library databases that are ideal
for exploring an area of interest, and they also allow you to
get a jump-start on your research at the same time.
Choosing a Research Topic
As you browse these databases, ask yourself five questions.
When I am looking at a potential topic, what exactly should I be
learning about it?
Who? What? Where? When? Why? Questions
to Ask When Browsing
Choosing a Research Topic
As You Browse a Topic:

1) It must be answerable.

2) Narrow enough to be covered sufficiently in the

required number of pages.

3) Broad enough that you can actually find information.

4) Abstract enough to require analysis.

Choosing a Research Topic
• you Will focus on your country? Or others?
• Some sort of comparison?
• When did the situation or event start?
• Is it ongoing?
• How recent should your sources be useful?
• Why do you want to write about it? Who? What? Where?
When? Why?
Choosing a Research Topic
Once you can answer the Who, What, When, Where and Why,
you typically will have a good idea of an effective, narrowed
version of your original broad topic.
Your instructor might ask you
To phrase your narrowed topic as a question; this is called the
(Research question).
 The Scientific Method
• Research and Scientific Method have a very close relationship but
they are not the same.

• The Scientific Method may help a researcher to easily answer certain

questions in a research, such as answering general propositions like
how far, why, is it true, and so on.

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 The Scientific Method Criteria
The Objective of the research MUST be based on FACTS!

• In collecting data for the research, you need to find good

information that you’ll need to analyze.

• You must get the information from real facts.

• In addition, the information or evidence must not be discovered

based on imagination, roughly, myth or similar types of statements.
Research Methodology - Prof. Eman Siam 27
 General characteristics of research
• Empirical (experimental)- research is based on direct experience or
observation by the researcher.

• Logical-research is based on valid procedures and principals.

• Cyclical-research start with a problem and end with a problem.

• Analytical-research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering

data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental and case study.
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 General characteristics of research
• Critical-research exhibits carful and precise judgment.

• Methodical-research is conducted in a methodical manner without

bias using systematic method and procedure.

• Replicability-research design and procedures are repeated to enable

the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

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Research Methodology - Prof. Eman Siam 30
 Introduction Research Skills Research Type of Research
77thth week
week exam
exam
(1 & 2) and Steps (3) Approaches (4) (5 & 6)

Research topic / Research

Research Proposal Literature review
12
12 week
week exam
th
th
exam Research
(10) (9) Ethics (8)
introduction (11)

Research Research
Presentation Skills
problem/question conclusion and Final
Final Exam
Exam
(15)
/objective (13) abstract (14)

Writing
Writing –– Methodology
Methodology –– Researcher
Researcher -- Exams
Exams

Research Methodology - Prof. Eman Siam 31