G RO U P 5

BIOCHEMISTRY BSN 1C
WHAT IS PROTEIN?

• 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐈𝐍𝐒 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐊 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐃 “𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐈𝐎𝐒” 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐒𝐓.

• 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐲 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐞𝐬
𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐬 𝐚 𝐟𝐮𝐞𝐥 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞, 𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝐛𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐫 𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐞𝐬, 𝐰𝐞 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐞𝐧𝐳𝐲𝐦𝐞𝐬, 𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐬.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTEINS

• 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐲 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐛𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐢𝐜 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐲 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐲 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐛𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐫.

• 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐂, 𝐇, 𝐎, 𝐍, 𝐒, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏 𝐭𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐅𝐞, 𝐂𝐮, 𝐈,
𝐌𝐧, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐙𝐧.
WHAT IS AMINO ACID?
• 𝐀𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐫𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐈𝐍𝐒. 𝐁𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐈𝐍𝐒 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐍𝐎
𝐀𝐂𝐈𝐃𝐒 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄.

• 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐩 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐨𝐝𝐬, 𝐟𝐨𝐫
𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐭𝐡, 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐫 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬.

• 𝐂𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲.

• 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦 𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐍𝐎 𝐀𝐂𝐈𝐃 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚-𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨 (𝐚𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐚 𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨) 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐱𝐲𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝.
𝐀𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐨 3 𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐩𝐬.

1. 𝐄𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐬

2. 𝐍𝐨𝐧-𝐄𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐬
3. 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐬
WHAT IS ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS?

• 𝐄𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐛𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲, 𝐚𝐬 𝐚 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐲 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐟𝐨𝐨𝐝𝐬. 𝐓𝐡𝐞
9 𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐇𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐄, 𝐈𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐔𝐂𝐈𝐍𝐄, 𝐋𝐄𝐔𝐂𝐈𝐍𝐄, 𝐋𝐘𝐒𝐈𝐍𝐄, 𝐌𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐄, 𝐏𝐇𝐄𝐍𝐘𝐋𝐀𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐄,
𝐓𝐇𝐑𝐄𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐄, 𝐓𝐑𝐘𝐏𝐓𝐎𝐏𝐇𝐀𝐍, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐕𝐀𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄.

• 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐥𝐢𝐤𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐭, 𝐞𝐠𝐠𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐫𝐲.
9 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
• PHENYLALANINE: IT PLAYS AN INTEGRAL ROLE IN THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
OF PROTEINS AND ENZYMES AND THE PRODUCTION OF OTHER AMINO ACIDS.

• VALINE: HELPS STIMULATE MUSCLE GROWTH AND REGENERATION AND IS INVOLVED

IN ENERGY PRODUCTION.

• THREONINE: IS A PRINCIPAL PART OF STRUCTURAL PROTEINS SUCH AS COLLAGEN

AND ELASTIN, WHICH ARE IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF THE SKIN AND CONNECTIVE
TISSUE. IT ALSO PLAYS A ROLE IN FAT METABOLISM AND IMMUNE FUNCTION.
• TRYPTOPHAN: THOUGH OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH CAUSING DROWSINESS,
TRYPTOPHAN HAS MANY OTHER FUNCTIONS. IT’S NEEDED TO MAINTAIN PROPER
NITROGEN BALANCE AND IS A PRECURSOR TO SEROTONIN, A
NEUROTRANSMITTER THAT REGULATES YOUR APPETITE, SLEEP AND MOOD.

• METHIONINE: PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN METABOLISM AND

DETOXIFICATION. IT’S ALSO NECESSARY FOR TISSUE GROWTH AND THE
ABSORPTION OF ZINC AND SELENIUM, MINERALS THAT ARE VITAL TO YOUR
HEALTH.

• LEUCINE: LIKE VALINE, LEUCINE IS A BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACID THAT IS

CRITICAL FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND MUSCLE REPAIR. IT ALSO HELPS
REGULATE BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS, STIMULATES WOUND HEALING AND
PRODUCES GROWTH HORMONES.
• ISOLEUCINE:IS INVOLVED IN MUSCLE METABOLISM AND IS HEAVILY
CONCENTRATED IN MUSCLE TISSUE. IT’S ALSO IMPORTANT FOR IMMUNE
FUNCTION, HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION AND ENERGY REGULATION.

• LYSINE: PLAYS MAJOR ROLES IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, HORMONE AND ENZYME

PRODUCTION AND THE ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM. IT’S ALSO IMPORTANT FOR
ENERGY PRODUCTION, IMMUNE FUNCTION AND THE PRODUCTION OF COLLAGEN
AND ELASTIN.

• HISTIDINE: IS USED TO PRODUCE HISTAMINE, A NEUROTRANSMITTER THAT IS

VITAL TO IMMUNE RESPONSE, DIGESTION, SEXUAL FUNCTION AND SLEEP-WAKE
CYCLES. IT’S CRITICAL FOR MAINTAINING THE MYELIN SHEATH, A PROTECTIVE
BARRIER THAT SURROUNDS YOUR NERVE CELLS.
 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ARE AT THE CORE OF MANY VITAL PROCESSES.
THOUGH AMINO ACIDS ARE MOST RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR ROLE IN
MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT AND REPAIR, THE BODY DEPENDS ON THEM FOR SO
MUCH MORE.

THAT’S WHY ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID DEFICIENCIES CAN NEGATIVELY

IMPACT YOUR ENTIRE BODY INCLUDING YOUR NERVOUS, REPRODUCTIVE,
IMMUNE AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS.
ACID BASE PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS

• ALL AMINO ACID CONTAINS AN ACIDIC CARBOXYLIC GROUP AND A BASIC AMINO GROUP. IT CAN FORM A
ZWITTER ION AT PH=7. ZWITTER ION FORMS WHEN CARBOXYLIC GROUP RELEASES IT PROTON AND
REMAINS IN AN ANIONIC FORM AND NH2 GROUP TAKES A PROTON AND REMAINS IN A CATIONIC FORM.
AT THIS PH IT IS CALLED ISOELECTRONIC POINT.
ACID BASE PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS
ACID BASE PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS

• AT THIS ISOELECTRIC POINT, THE POSITIVE ION DOES NOT MOVE TOWARDS ANODE AND NEGATIVE
CHARGE DOES NOT MOVE TOWARDS CATHODE.

• WHEN A BASE IS ADDED TO THE AMINO ACID INCREASING THE PH OF THE SOLUTION, THEN POSITIVE
CHARGE ON THE NH3+ IS REMOVED AND THE MOLECULE BECOMES AN ANION. THIS ANION MOVES
TOWARD THE POSITIVELY CHARGED ANODE.
ACID BASE PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS
ACID BASE PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS

• IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ACID, THE CARBOXYLATE ANION TAKES ONE PROTON FROM THE ACID SOLUTION
AND BECOMES NEUTRAL. THE NET AMINO ACID BECOMES CATIONIC CHARGED AND MOVES TOWARDS
THE ANIONIC CHARGED CATHODE.
ACID BASE PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS