EC 8701-Antenna and Microwave

Engineering

5th UNIT

MICROWAVE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

 Impedace transformation and impedance
matching
2
 Why we need to transform impedance from one port to other?.
 Efficient power transfer (full power transfer) is possible
with source and load impedances at a single frequency
when the impedances are matched. The matching involves
removing the reactance part of source and load impedances
by counter reactance: then match the real parts by
impedance matching by various methods. (Use of
maximum power transfer theorem).
 Matching impedances to transmission lines of CCIR standards-75
ohms/50 ohms.
 Keep the reflection co-efficient low -to near zero.(S value as near
to 1 as possible) over a band of frequencies.
 Impedace transformation and impedance
matching
3

 Methods
 Use of lumped constants-low end of Radio frequency
 Lumped constants-use of L and C passive components
 Use of transmission lines(for RF-HF matching)
 Transmission lines-λ/4 line-λ/2 line-3λ/8 line .
 Use of shorted or open transmission lines(stubs)
 Use of strip line matching (for Microwave)
 .
4

RF impedance matching Techniques

 PROPERTIES OF TR LINES
5

PROPERTIES OF λ/8, λ/4, λ/2 AND

λ LINES
 6


 7


 8


QUARTER WAVE MATCHING
9
 NEUTRALIZATION OF REACTANCE AT ZIN AND LOAD
10

SINCE QW LINE MATCHES ONLY RESISTANCES

THE REACTANCE IF ANY AT INPUT AND OUT
PUT OF QW LINE HAS TO BE NEUTRALIZED BY
REACTANCE STUBS .
 THIS CAN BE DONE USING SHORTED TX LINE
OF LENGTH L .
 + REACTANCE X IS NEUTRALIZED BY
- REACTANCE STUBS AND VICE VERSA
 .THIS IS DONE BY GETTING X=tan βl and
CHOOSE length ACCORDINGLY.
11

ZL
 QUARTER WAVE MATCHING
12

 EXAMPLE:1
 WE NEED TO MATCH A 300 OHM LINE TO 50 OHM
SOURCE IMPEDANCE.
 THE QUARTER WAVE LINE WILL HAVE AT ITS
INPUT 300 OHM .THE OUT PUT OF THE QUARTER
WAVE SHOULD BE 50 OHM.THEN THE QUARTER
WAVE LINE SHOULD HAVE ITS CHARACTERISTIC
IMPEDANCE AS Zin(λ/4)=Zo2(λ/4)/ZL(Z OUT(λ/4)).
Zo2(λ/4)=Zin(λ/4)*ZL(Z OUT(λ/4))
 Zo2(λ/4)=300*50
 Zo(λ/4)=√300*50 =122.5 OHMS
 13

ZL
 14


MATCHING WHEN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INPUT AND OUT PUT
RESISTANCES ARE LARGE
15


STUB MATCHING-SMITH CHART
16

,PROFESSOR,ECE, SRI SAIRAM

SMITH CHART-COLOR
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 S S MATCHING NEED
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 The use of QW transformer creates use of additional

line length.
 To avoid this a Single stub matching is adopted.
 This involves adding a stub at a required point to
achieve matching without increasing the
transmission length.
SINGLE STUB MATCHING
19
 S S IMPEDANCE MA20TCHING THEORY
.
 SINGLE STUB MATCHING-
DISADVA21NTAGES
 The stub needs to be located at a fixed position .If
the frequency is varied the position of the stub
needs change.
 This is particularly difficult for a coaxial line where
holes are to be drilled to reach the inner
conductor.
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING
22
 DOUBLE STUB MA23TCHING-
THEORY
 The disadvantage of DS matching is it cannot
match all loads. More stubs are required in such
cases.
 The theoretical calculations are very involved but
using smith chart matching calculations can be made
easy.
 the following are the details of matching methods
1. Normalized load admittance:yl=gl+jbl
2. Distance of first stub from load:d1
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING
24
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING THEORY CONTD.,
25

1. For a given value of d1 and d2 the susceptance of

first stub is adjusted so that the susceptance at CD
is 1+jb2
2. Y1’is the total input admittance at AB which is
the sum of admittance of the load transferred by
a distance d1 and the susceptance jb1
3. y2 is the admittance at Cd due to y1’
transferred by distance d2.y2=1±jb2
4. Input admittance of 2nd stub∓jb2
5. The admittance at CD is 1 matching load upto 2nd
stub.
 DOUBLE STUB MA26TCHING-
 THEORY
 DOUBLE STUB MA27TCHING-
 THEORY
S S MATCHING EXAMPLES
28
SMITH CHART-S S MATCHING
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SS MATCH
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SS STUB II
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SS MATCH
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SS MATCH EXAMPLE
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SS LENGTH OF SC STUB
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SS SECOND SOLUTION
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DS MATCH
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STEPS DS MATCH
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DS MATCH
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DS MATCH STUB LENGTH
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FORBIDDEN REGION
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DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE
41

PROBLEM:

A load of ZL= 60+j80 OHMS is to be matched to a

transmission line of Z0= 50 OHMS using a
double stub matching. We assume that the first stub
is placed at the load and the second λ/8 away.
 DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE
42

 We deal the problem in admittance format of s c.

 1.We proceed to find ZL’=(60+j80) /50=1.2+j1.8
and YL’= 0.3-j0.4. YL’ marked as PL can be found by
smith chart as the point diametrically
opposite to ZL’ on the SWR circle.
 2.Draw the G= 1 circle.
 3.Draw another G=1 circle at λ /8 away from G=1
circle towards load (that is at 90 degrees ).We exactly
are rotating the G=1 circle towards load by 90
degrees or λ/8 away.
 4. Mark two points of intersection of 0.3 conductance
(load’s conductance part)circle with G=1 λ/8 circle.
Mark them as PA1 and PA2.(both the points are
0.3 points but not 1)
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE
43

 The readings of admittance at PA1 and PA2

are
YA1 =0.3+j0.29 and YA2=0.3+j1.75
 With radius OPA1 make an arc to cut the
original G=1 circle at PB1 and PB2.
 The reading at PB1 is YPB1=1+j1.38
 The reading at PB2 is YPB2= 1-j3.5
 DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE
44

 The additional reactance of stub required at load STUB 1 is

 YSA1= YA1-YPL=(0.3+j0.29)-(0.3-j0.4) =+j0.69.One solution
 YSA1 ADDITIONAL REACTACE AT STUB 1 POSITION-HERE
IT IS AT LOAD
 YA1-REACTANCE READING OF PA1 –STUB 1 POSITION.
 YPL- REACTANCE AT LOAD.
 YSA2= YA2-YPL=(0.3+j1.75)-(0.3-j0.4) =+j2.15.Second
solution STUB 1
 The stub lengths correspond to these reactance. 0.69 (1)
AND
2.15(2)
 DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE

45
 For stub to give j0.69 the point is located on
Smith chart at A1 reading of at this point is
0.096λ.The length of stub from YSC is
0.25λ
+0.096λ =0.346 λ
 Therefore LsA1= 0.346λ. First solution stub 1
at load
 Similarly for reactance of j 2.15 is located at
A2 and the reading of λ there is 0.181λ and
the length from A2 to YSC is 0.25λ +0.181λ
=0.435 λ
 Therefore LsA2= 0.435λ second solution stub
1 at load
 DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING
PROCEDURE
46

 For the second stub MAKING G=1 THE

ULTIMATE MATCH the reactance at second
stub is(PA2 SECOND STUB POSITION- TWO
CUTS OF G=1 CIRCLE)
YSB1= yB1-1= 1+j 1.38-1= j1.38
 To neutralize this we require a stub of –j1.38
This is located at point B1 and the value of λ is
0.35.The length from YSC is 0.35 -0.25= 0.1 λ
 Therefore LsB1= 0.1λ. First solution second
stub.
 DOUBLE STUB MATCHING STUB LENGTH
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE

47
 For second solution of stub 2 the reactance YSB2 is =
1-j3.5-1 = -j 3.5
 We require a stub of +j 3.5 which is marked at B2
whose λ value is 0.206
 The length from YSC is 0.206+0.25= 0.456 λ
 Therefore LsB2= 0.456λ. Second solution second
stub.
 Results are
 Solution OF STUBS BOTH AT LOAD(STUB 1)
AND
AT STUB 2 FINAL
 1.Stub 1 at load length YSA1: 0.346 λ
SOLUTION 1
 2.Second stub length YSB1: 0.1 λ SOLUTION 1

 DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE REDRAW
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE

48

 Solution 2
 Stub at load length YSA2:
0.435 λ
 Second stub length YSB2: 0.456 λ
 THE BEST SOLUTION IS
 STUB 1 LENGTH 0.346 λ
 STUB 2 LENGTH 0.1 λ

DS SMITH DIAGRAM
49
 .
50

Matching using L and T networks

Theory
Z-Y SMITH CHART
51
Matching using L and T networks Theory.
52
 Matching using L and T networks Theory.
53

 Analytic Solutions
 Although we will discuss a simple graphical solution using the Smith
chart, it is also useful to have simple expressions for the L-section
matching network components. These expressions can be used in a
computer-aided design program for L-section matching, or when it is
necessary to have more accuracy than the Smith chart can provide.
 Consider first the circuit of Figure 5.2a, and let ZL = RL + j XL . We
stated that this circuit would be used when zL = ZL/Z0 is inside the 1 +
j x circle on the Smith chart, which implies that RL > Z0 for this case.
The impedance seen looking into the matching network, followed by
the load impedance, must be equal to Z0 for an impedance-matched
condition:
Matching using L and T networks Theory.
54
Matching using L and T networks using Dual
smith chart.
55
Matching using L and T networks using Dual
smith chart.
56
Matching using L and T networks using Dual
smith chart.
57
Matching using L and T networks using Dual
smith chart.
58
Matching using L and T networks using Dual
smith chart.
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L SECTION MATCH
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TWO COMPONENT MATCHING
NETWORK
61
L MATCH
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L MATCH
63
L MATCH
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 L MATCH EXAMPLE
65

 Rt=150 ohms Xt= 75 ohms

 Ra = 75 ohms Xa=-15 ohms(reqd x to neutralise X of antenna.conjugate value)
T MATCH THEORY
66
T MATCH
67
PI MATCH
68
PI MATCH
69
PI MATCH THEORY
70
SMITH CHART SOLUTION L NET WORK
71
72
EXAMPLE-L MATCH
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L MATCH SC
74
L MATCH S C
75
Matching using L and T networks using Dual
smith chart.
76

 Smith Chart Solutions

 Instead of the above formulas, the Smith chart can
be used to quickly and accurately design
 L-section matching networks. The procedure is best
illustrated by an example.
 EXAMPLE 5.1 L-SECTION IMPEDANCE
MATCHING
 Design an L-section matching network to match a
series RC load with an impedance
 ZL = 200 − j100 to a 100 line at a frequency of
500 MHz.
L NW SC EXAMPLE
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L NW SC EXAMPLE
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L NW SC EXAMPLE
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L NW SC EXAMPLE
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L NW SC EXAMPLE
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L NW SC EXAMPLE
82
PI NETWORK
83
PI NETWORK
84
MS MATCHING NETWORK
85
86
PI NW MATCH USING STUB EXAMPLE
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88
T MATCH
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T MATCH SC
90
CONSTANT Q CIRCLES
91
 HOW TO DRAW Q CIRCLES
92

Draw partial circle based on definition.

Center is (0, +1/Q) or (0, -1/Q).
Radius is sqrt(1+1/Q^2).
Q CURVES
93
 RF and MW filter design
94

 RF/MW Stripline Filters

 Filter components become impractical at frequencies
higher than 500 MHz
 Can apply the normalized low pass filter tables for
lumped parameter filters to strip line filter
design
 Richards Transformation and Kuroda’s Identities
are used to convert lumped parameter filter
designs to distributed filters
RF and MW filter design
95
RF and Mwamplifier design.
96
LOADED TR.LINE
97
ELEMENT VALUES FOR LPF
98
g values for 3 db ripple
99
ATTN VS NORMALISED FREQUENCY
100
FLAT LPF CHART
101
LPF DESIGN
102
FINAL CKT LPF EXAMPLE
103
BPF DESIGN
104
BPF RESPONSE
105
VALUES BPF
106
LPF USING STUBS
COUPLED LINE FILTER
COUPLED LINE
FILTER
RF and MW filter design
111
RF and MW filter design
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2
RF and MW filter design
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3
RF and MW filter design
11
4
RF and MW filter design
11
5
RF and MW filter design
11
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RF and MW filter design
11
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RF and MW filter design
11
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RF and MW filter design
11
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RF and MW filter design
120
RF and MW filter design
121
 Mixers
122

 Mixers
 • A mixer is a nonlinear circuit that combines
 two signals in such a way as to produce the
 sum and difference of the two input
 frequencies at the output.
 • A square-law mixer is the simplest type of
 mixer and is easily approximated by using a
 diode, or a transistor (bipolar, JFET, or
 MOSFET).
MW mixers design
123
 MW mixers design
124

Single-Ended BJT Mixer Design

Completed Design Broadband
antennas:
MW mixers design
125
Simple Diode and FET Mixers
126
Single-Ended BJT Mixer
127
Single-Ended BJT Mixer Design
Biasing Network
128
Single-Ended BJT Mixer Design
LO and RF Connection
129
Single-Ended BJT Mixer Design
RF Input Matching Network
130
 Single-Ended BJT Mixer Design
Completed Design
131

V.S.SUNDARAMURTHY,PROFESSOR,ECE, 6/22/2020
Single-Ended BJT Mixer Design
Completed
132
Design
Dual-Gate MOSFET Mixer
133
 Mixers
134

 Balanced Mixers
 • A balanced mixer is one in which the input
 frequencies do not appear at the output.
 Ideally, the only frequencies that are
 produced are the sum and difference of the
 input frequencies.
 Mixers
135

 Equations for Balanced Mixer

 Let the inputs be v1 = sin ω1t and v2 = sin ω2t.
 A balanced mixer acts like a multiplier. Thus
 its output, vo = Av1v2 = A sin ω1t sin ω2t.
 Since sin X sin Y = 1/2[cos(X-Y) - cos(X+Y)]
 Therefore, vo = A/2[cos(ω1-ω2)t-cos(ω1+ω2)t].
 The last equation shows that the output of
 the balanced mixer consists of the sum and
 difference of the input frequencies
Balanced Ring Diode Mixer
136
RF OSCILLATOR
137
RF OSCILLATOR
138
RF AND MW AMPLIFIER DESIGN
139
LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER DESIGN
140
MW POWER AMPLIFIER DESIGN
141
RF OSCILLATOR
142
RF OSCILATOR
143
RF OSCILLATOR-GUNN DIODE
OSCILLATOR -MICROWAVE
144
RF OSCILLATOR
145
RF OSCILLATOR
146
RF OSCILLATOR
147
GUNN OSCILLATOR
148
GUNN OSCILLATOR
149
GUNN OSCILLATOR
150
RF AMPLIFIER
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152
RF AMPLIFIER
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RF AMPLIFIERS
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DESIGN –RF AMPLIFIER
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ANTENNA WORKSHOP
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POWER VALUES
157
ANTENNA WORKSHOP
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AMPLIFIER STABILITY
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STABILITY
160
STABILITY REGIONS
161
STABILITY CIRCLES
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OUT PUT STABILITY
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OUT PUT STABILITY
164
UNCONDITIONAL STABILITY
165
CONSTANT GAIN AMPLIFIER
166
GAIN CIRCLES
167
GAIN CIRCLES
168
GAIN
169
NOISE VOLTAGE
170
NOISE FIGURE
171
NOISE FIGURE
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LNA
173
LNA
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LNA
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LNA
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 LNA
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BJT LNA.MORDERN CKTS.INCORPORATE C MOS

ICS .
RF SYSTEM
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RF POWER AMPLIFIER
179
PCB RF POWER AMPLIFIER
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 181

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