Chapter 4:

Network Access

Introduction to Networks v5.1

Siti Hasnah Tanalol
29 Sept 2016
 4.0 Introduction
4.1 Physical Layer Protocols
4.2 Network Media
Chapter Outline 4.3 Data Link Layer Protocols
4.4 Media Access Control
4.5 Summary

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Section 4.1:
Physical Layer Protocols
Upon completion of this section, you should be able to:
• Identify device connectivity options.

• Describe the purpose and functions of the physical layer in the network.

• Describe basic principles of the physical layer standards.

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Topic 4.1.1:
Physical Layer Connection

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Types of Connections

Home Router

Connecting to the
Wired LAN

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Network Interface Cards
Wired Connection Using an
Ethernet NIC

Connecting to the Wireless

LAN with Range Extender

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Topic 4.1.2:
Purpose of the Physical Layer

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The Physical Layer

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Physical Layer Media

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Physical Layer Standards

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Topic 4.1.3:
Physical Layer Characteristics

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Functions

Manchester Encoding

Modulation

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Bandwidth
• Bandwidth is the capacity of a medium to carry data. Digital bandwidth
measures the amount of data that can flow from one place to another in
a given amount of time. 

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Throughput
• Throughput is the measure of the
transfer of bits across the media over
a given period of time.

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Types of Physical Media

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Section 4.2:
Network Media
Upon completion of this section, you should be able to:
• Identify the basic characteristics of copper cabling.

• Build a UTP cable used in Ethernet networks (scope – does not include cabling
area discussion).
• Describe fiber-optic cabling and its main advantages over other media.

• Connect devices using wired and wireless media.

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Topic 4.2.1:
Copper Cabling

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Characteristics of Copper Cabling

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Copper Media

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Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable

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Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable

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Coaxial Cable

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Copper Media Safety

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Topic 4.2.2:
UTP Cabling

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Properties of UTP Cabling

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UTP Cabling Standards

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UTP Connectors
RJ-45 UTP Plugs

RJ-45 UTP Socket

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Types of UTP Cable

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Testing UTP Cables
UTP Testing Parameters:
• Wire map

• Cable length

• Signal loss due to attenuation

• Crosstalk

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Topic 4.2.3:
Fiber Optic Cabling

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Properties of Fiber Optic Cabling

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Fiber Media Cable Design

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Types of Fiber Media
Single Mode

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Types of Fiber Media (cont.)
Multimode

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Network Fiber Connectors
Fiber Optic Connectors

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Network Fiber Connectors (cont.)
Common Fiber Patch Cords

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Testing Fiber Cables

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Fiber versus Copper

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Topic 4.2.4:
Wireless Media

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Properties of Wireless Media

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Types of Wireless Media

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Wireless LAN

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Section 4.3:
Data Link Layer Protocols
Upon completion of this section, you should be able to:
• Describe the purpose and function of the data link layer in preparing
communication for transmission on specific media.

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Topic 4.3.1:
Purpose of the Data Link Layer

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The Data Link Layer

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The Data Link Layer (cont.)
Layer 2 Data Link Address

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Data Link Sublayers

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Media Access Control

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Providing Access to Media

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Data Link Layer Standards

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Section 4.4:
Media Access Control
Upon completion of this section, you should be able to:
• Compare the functions of logical topologies and physical topologies.

• Describe the basic characteristics of media access control methods on WAN

topologies.
• Describe the basic characteristics of media access control methods on LAN
topologies.
• Describe the characteristics and functions of the data link frame.

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Topic 4.4.1:
Topologies

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Controlling Access to the Media

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Physical and Logical Topologies
Physical Topology

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Physical and Logical Topologies (cont.)
Logical Topology

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Topic 4.4.2:
WAN Topologies

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Common Physical WAN Topologies

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Physical Point-to-Point Topology

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Logical Point-to-Point Topology

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Logical Point-to-Point Topology (cont.)

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Topic 4.4.3:
LAN Topologies

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Physical LAN Topologies

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Half and Full Duplex

Half-Duplex Communication

Full-Duplex Communication

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Media Access Control Methods
Contention-Based Access

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Media Access Control Methods (cont.)
Controlled Access

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Contention Based Access – CSMA/CD

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Contention Based Access – CSMA/CD
(cont.)

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Contention Based Access – CSMA/CA

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Topic 4.4.4:
Data Link Frame

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The Frame
Frames have three basic parts:
• Header

• Data

• Trailer

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Frame Fields

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Layer 2 Address

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Layer 2 Address (cont.)

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Layer 2 Address (cont.)

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LAN and WAN Frames
Examples of Layer 2 protocols:
• 802.11 Wireless Frame

• PPP Frame

• HDLC

• Frame Relay

• Ethernet Frame

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Section 4.5:
Summary
Chapter Objectives:
• Explain how physical layer protocols and services support communications
across data networks.
• Build a simple network using the appropriate media.

• Explain how the Data Link layer supports communications across data networks.

• Compare media access control techniques and logical topologies used in

networks.

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Thank you.