ALGEBRAIC

EXPRESSIONS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 Constants and Variables
 Algebraic Expressions
 Integral and Fractional Exponents
 Operations on Algebraic Expressions
CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES
 Constants – Any symbol, whether it be a number or a letter, which is used to represent a fixed
value.
 Variables – A single letter which may represent a set of real numbers the values of which
depend upon the situation or problem being analyzed. The value of the letter is not fixed.
CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES
 Constants – Any symbol, whether it be a number or a letter, which is used to represent a fixed
value.
 Variables – A single letter which may represent a set of real numbers the values of which
depend upon the situation or problem being analyzed. The value of the letter is not fixed.
 a, b, c, m & n are commonly used as constants
 x, y & z are commonly used as variables
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
 An expression involving constants/variables with all or some of the four algebraic operations
of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
 An expression involving constants/variables with all or some of the four algebraic operations
of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
 Constant, variable or algebraic expression?
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
 An expression involving constants/variables with all or some of the four algebraic operations
of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
 Constant, variable or algebraic expression?
 2401
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
 An expression involving constants/variables with all or some of the four algebraic operations
of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
 Constant, variable or algebraic expression?
 2401 – constant, algebraic expression
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
 An expression involving constants/variables with all or some of the four algebraic operations
of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
 Constant, variable or algebraic expression?
 2401 – constant, algebraic expression
x
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
 An expression involving constants/variables with all or some of the four algebraic operations
of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
 Constant, variable or algebraic expression?
 2401 – constant, algebraic expression
 x – variable
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
 An expression involving constants/variables with all or some of the four algebraic operations
of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
 Constant, variable or algebraic expression?
 2401 – constant, algebraic expression
 x – variable, algebraic expression
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
 An expression involving constants/variables with all or some of the four algebraic operations
of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
 Constant, variable or algebraic expression?
 2401 – constant, algebraic expression
 x – variable, algebraic expression
 2401x
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
 An expression involving constants/variables with all or some of the four algebraic operations
of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
 Constant, variable or algebraic expression?
 2401 – constant, algebraic expression
 x – variable, algebraic expression
 2401x – constant, variable, algebraic expression
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
 An expression involving constants/variables with all or some of the four algebraic operations
of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
 Constant, variable or algebraic expression?
 2401 – constant, algebraic expression
 x – variable, algebraic expression Monomials
 2401x – constant, variable, algebraic expression
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
TERM
 Each monomial in an expression

MULTINOMIAL
 An expression composed of more than one term

BINOMIAL
 An expression composed of only two terms

TRINOMIAL
 An expression composed of only three terms
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Is this a monomial, binomial, trinomial or multinomial?
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Is this a monomial, binomial, trinomial or multinomial?
x+1
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Is this a monomial, binomial, trinomial or multinomial?
x+1 – Binomial, Multinomial
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Is this a monomial, binomial, trinomial or multinomial?
x+1 – Binomial, Multinomial
2x
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Is this a monomial, binomial, trinomial or multinomial?
x+1 – Binomial, Multinomial
2x – Monomial
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Is this a monomial, binomial, trinomial or multinomial?
x+1 – Binomial, Multinomial
2x – Monomial
2x + y
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Is this a monomial, binomial, trinomial or multinomial?
x+1 – Binomial, Multinomial
2x – Monomial
2x + y – Binomial, Multinomial
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Is this a monomial, binomial, trinomial or multinomial?
x+1 – Binomial, Multinomial
2x – Monomial
2x + y – Binomial, Multinomial
Can you cite an example of a trinomial?
POWERS AND EXPONENTS
Powers are composed of exponents and bases

x² exponent

base

Exponents
 small number written on the upper right-hand corner of a base
 Indicate how many times a base occurs as a factor
POWERS AND EXPONENTS
For
   every b,n R where n is a positive integer

is read as “b raised to the nth power” or “nth power of b”

POWERS AND EXPONENTS
For 3², we have a base of ___ and an exponent of ___.
POWERS AND EXPONENTS
For 3², we have a base of _3_ and an exponent of ___.
POWERS AND EXPONENTS
For 3², we have a base of _3_ and an exponent of _2_.
POWERS AND EXPONENTS
For 3², we have a base of _3_ and an exponent of _2_.
Therefore, 3² = 3 ∙ 3 = 9.
POWERS AND EXPONENTS
For 3², we have a base of _3_ and an exponent of _2_.
Therefore, 3² = 3 ∙ 3 = 9.
Solve for 2³.
DEGREE OF A MONOMIAL
Refers to the exponents of the literal factors in the term.
The total degree refers to the sum of all the exponents in a term.
3x²y³z
2nd degree in x
3rd degree in y
1st degree in z
Total degree is 2 + 3 + 1 = 6
DEGREE OF A MULTINOMIAL
Refers to the largest exponents of the literal factors in the term.
The total degree refers to the largest sum of all the exponents in a term.
3x²y³z + z4
2nd degree in x
3rd degree in y
4th degree in z
Total degree is 2 + 3 + 1 = 6
RULES FOR POSITIVE
EXPONENTS
1.
   For every a,m,n R, where m & n are positive integers,

Example
RULES FOR POSITIVE
EXPONENTS
1.
   For every a,m,n R, where m & n are positive integers,

Example
RULES FOR POSITIVE
EXPONENTS
2.
   For every a,m,n R, where a 0,

Example
RULES FOR POSITIVE
EXPONENTS
2.
   For every a,m,n R, where a 0,

Example
RULES FOR POSITIVE
EXPONENTS
3.
   For every a,b ,n R, where n>0,

Example
RULES FOR POSITIVE
EXPONENTS
3.
   For every a,b ,n R, where n>0,

Example
RULES FOR POSITIVE
EXPONENTS
4.
   For every a,b ,n R, where n>0, and b0,

Example

Alternate answer:
RULES FOR POSITIVE
EXPONENTS
5.
   For every a,m,n R, where m,n > 0

Example
RULES FOR POSITIVE
EXPONENTS
5.
   For every a,m,n R, where m,n > 0

Example
RULE FOR NEGATIVE
EXPONENTS
1.
   For every a,n R, where n > 0

 In solving algebraic expressions with negative exponents, take its reciprocal positive integral
exponent, then solve accordingly.
Example
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Simplify the following expressions using the rules on integral exponents. All exponents in the answers
must be positive

 
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
 
ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
MONOMIALS
 
 Addition and subtraction of monomials can only be done if the monomials added are similar
 To add or subtract similar terms, factor out the common factor then add or subtract the
numerical parts
Examples
ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
MULTINOMIALS
 Addition and subtraction of multinomials can only be done if the monomials added are similar
 If the multinomials to be added do not contain any similar terms, no combination may be
performed
 Combination is made easier if similar terms are first arranged, and then added
ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Add
 
Example:
 

Add
Example:
 

Add
 Example:
 

Add

-2
 Example:
 

Add

-2 3
 Example:
 

Add

-2 3 1
 Example:
 

Add

-2 3 1 -3
 Example:
 

Add

-2 3 1 -3
4 -5 -2 -6
 Example:
 

Add

-2 3 1 -3
4 -5 -2 -6
2 -2 4 7
 Example:
 

Add

-2 3 1 -3
4 -5 -2 -6
2 -2 4 7
2 0 -3 -2 4
 Example:
 

Add

-2 3 1 -3
4 -5 -2 -6
2 -2 4 7
2 0 -3 -2 4

 
2 2
2 𝑥 𝑦 −3 𝑥 𝑦 −2 𝑥+4
MULTIPLICATION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
MULTINOMIAL
  BY A MONOMIAL
 If a multinomial is to be multiplied by a monomial, the distributive rule is used.
 The product is the sum of all the products formed by multiplying each term of the multinomial
by the monomial.
EXAMPLE
MULTIPLICATION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
MULTINOMIAL
  BY A MONOMIAL
 If a multinomial is to be multiplied by a monomial, the distributive rule is used.
 The product is the sum of all the products formed by multiplying each term of the multinomial
by the monomial.
EXAMPLE
MULTIPLICATION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
MULTINOMIAL
  BY A MONOMIAL
 If a multinomial is to be multiplied by a monomial, the distributive rule is used.
 The product is the sum of all the products formed by multiplying each term of the multinomial
by the monomial.
EXAMPLE
MULTIPLICATION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
MULTINOMIAL
  BY A MONOMIAL
 If a multinomial is to be multiplied by a monomial, the distributive rule is used.
 The product is the sum of all the products formed by multiplying each term of the multinomial
by the monomial.
EXAMPLE
MULTIPLICATION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
MULTINOMIAL
  BY A MULTINOMIAL
 The distributive rule is used twice

EXAMPLE
MULTIPLICATION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
MULTINOMIAL
  BY A MULTINOMIAL
 The distributive rule is used twice

EXAMPLE
MULTIPLICATION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
MULTINOMIAL
  BY A MULTINOMIAL
 The distributive rule is used twice

EXAMPLE
MULTIPLICATION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
MULTINOMIAL
  BY A MULTINOMIAL
 The distributive rule is used twice

EXAMPLE
MULTIPLICATION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
BINOMIAL
  BY A BINOMIAL
 For this special case, it is possible to use the FOIL method
 FOIL – First Outside Inside Last

EXAMPLE
MULTIPLICATION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
BINOMIAL
  BY A BINOMIAL
 For this special case, it is possible to use the FOIL method
 FOIL – First Outside Inside Last

EXAMPLE

 First
MULTIPLICATION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
BINOMIAL
  BY A BINOMIAL
 For this special case, it is possible to use the FOIL method
 FOIL – First Outside Inside Last

EXAMPLE

  Outside
MULTIPLICATION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
BINOMIAL
  BY A BINOMIAL
 For this special case, it is possible to use the FOIL method
 FOIL – First Outside Inside Last

EXAMPLE

  Inside
MULTIPLICATION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
BINOMIAL
  BY A BINOMIAL
 For this special case, it is possible to use the FOIL method
 FOIL – First Outside Inside Last

EXAMPLE

  Last
MULTIPLICATION OF
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
BINOMIAL
  BY A BINOMIAL
 For this special case, it is possible to use the FOIL method
 FOIL – First Outside Inside Last

EXAMPLE

  Last
DIVISION OF ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS
MONOMIAL
  BY A MONOMIAL
 To divide a monomial by another monomial, use the fundamental theorem of fractions or the
rules of exponents
 Remember: Anything raised to 0 is 1

EXAMPLE
DIVISION OF ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS
MONOMIAL
  BY A MONOMIAL
 To divide a monomial by another monomial, use the fundamental theorem of fractions or the
rules of exponents
 Remember: Anything raised to 0 is 1

EXAMPLE
DIVISION OF ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS
MONOMIAL
  BY A MONOMIAL
 To divide a monomial by another monomial, use the fundamental theorem of fractions or the
rules of exponents
 Remember: Anything raised to 0 is 1

EXAMPLE
DIVISION OF ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS
MONOMIAL
  BY A MONOMIAL
 To divide a monomial by another monomial, use the fundamental theorem of fractions or the
rules of exponents
 Remember: Anything raised to 0 is 1

EXAMPLE
DIVISION OF ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS
MULTINOMIAL
  BY A MONOMIAL
 To divide a multinomial by a monomial, use the distributive rule and rules on exponents

EXAMPLE
DIVISION OF ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS
MULTINOMIAL
  BY A MONOMIAL
 To divide a multinomial by a monomial, use the distributive rule and rules on exponents

EXAMPLE
DIVISION OF ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS
MULTINOMIAL
  BY A MONOMIAL
 To divide a multinomial by a monomial, use the distributive rule and rules on exponents

EXAMPLE
DIVISION OF ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS
MULTINOMIAL BY A MULTINOMIAL
 STEP 1: Arrange the terms of the multinomial according to descending powers of a literal
factor common to both dividend and divisor (the dividend is divided by the divisor)
 STEP 2: Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the divisor by applying rules
on exponents and arithmetic division
 STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until the remainder is of a lower degree than the divisor, with respect
to the chosen literal factor
  Example:
 

Divide

By
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 1: Arrange the terms of

the multinomial according to
descending powers of a
literal factor common to both
dividend and divisor (the
dividend is divided by the
divisor)
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 1: Arrange the terms of

the multinomial according to
descending powers of a
literal factor common to both
dividend and divisor (the
dividend is divided by the
divisor)
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 2: Divide the first term

of the dividend by the first
term of the divisor by
applying rules on exponents
and arithmetic division
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 2: Divide the first term

of the dividend by the first
term of the divisor by
applying rules on exponents
and arithmetic division
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 2: Divide the first term

of the dividend by the first
term of the divisor by
applying rules on exponents
and arithmetic division
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 2: Divide the first term

of the dividend by the first
term of the divisor by
applying rules on exponents
and arithmetic division
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 2: Divide the first term

of the dividend by the first
term of the divisor by
applying rules on exponents
and arithmetic division
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 2: Divide the first term

of the dividend by the first
term of the divisor by
applying rules on exponents
and arithmetic division
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 2: Divide the first term

of the dividend by the first
term of the divisor by
applying rules on exponents
and arithmetic division
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 2: Divide the first term

of the dividend by the first
term of the divisor by
applying rules on exponents
and arithmetic division
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 2: Divide the first term

of the dividend by the first
term of the divisor by
applying rules on exponents
and arithmetic division
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until

the remainder is of a lower
degree than the divisor, with
respect to the chosen literal
factor
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until

the remainder is of a lower
degree than the divisor, with
respect to the chosen literal
factor
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until

the remainder is of a lower
degree than the divisor, with
respect to the chosen literal
factor
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until

the remainder is of a lower
degree than the divisor, with
respect to the chosen literal
factor
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until

the remainder is of a lower
degree than the divisor, with
respect to the chosen literal
factor
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until

the remainder is of a lower
degree than the divisor, with
respect to the chosen literal
factor
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until

the remainder is of a lower
degree than the divisor, with
respect to the chosen literal
factor
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until

the remainder is of a lower
degree than the divisor, with
respect to the chosen literal
factor
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until

the remainder is of a lower
degree than the divisor, with
respect to the chosen literal
factor
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until

the remainder is of a lower
degree than the divisor, with
respect to the chosen literal
factor
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until

the remainder is of a lower
degree than the divisor, with
respect to the chosen literal
factor
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until

the remainder is of a lower
degree than the divisor, with
respect to the chosen literal
factor
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until

the remainder is of a lower
degree than the divisor, with
respect to the chosen literal
factor
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until

the remainder is of a lower
degree than the divisor, with
respect to the chosen literal
factor
  Example:
 

Divide

By

STEP 3: Repeat STEP 2 until

the remainder is of a lower
degree than the divisor, with
  2 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3 𝑥 𝑦2 − 𝑦 3 respect to the chosen literal
factor
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Perform the indicated operations and simplify

 

1. Subtract from
2. Add: , ,

3. Subtract from 1. Divide

by using the powers of y as a basis
2. by
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1.  

2. Subtract from
3. Add: , ,
4. Subtract from

5. Divide by using the powers of y as a basis

6. by
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis

 
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis

 
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis

 
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis

 
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Divide
  by using the powers of y as a basis