Lesson 3

Developmental
Issues

Prepared by

Mr. Benedict B. Diaz, LPT

Learning Objectives

– Identify the different learning disabilities and mental issues

that concerns human development
– Discuss understanding of mental health and psychological well-
being to identify ways to cope with stress during adolescence
– Identify causes and effects of stress in one’s life
– Demonstrate personal ways to cope with stress and maintain
mental health
What do we mean
by Developmental
Problems?
 Developmental Problems are
referred to under the umbrella
term “developmental delays,”
which describe any ongoing
delay in a child’s meeting age-
specific developmental
milestones (as opposed to
physical growth).
 What are the
common
developmental
problems?
 Common Developmental
Problems
1.Learning Disabilities
These are due to genetic and/or
neurobiological factors that alter brain
functioning in a manner which affects one or
more cognitive processes related
to learning. 
Learning Disabilities

1. Dysgraphia
It is a learning disability that
affects writing abilities. It can
manifest itself as difficulties with
spelling, poor handwriting, and
trouble putting thoughts on paper.
Learning Disabilities
2. Dyscalculia
It is a math learning disability that
impairs an individual's ability to learn
number-related concepts, perform
accurate math calculations, reason and
problem solve, and perform other basic
math skills.
Learning Disabilities

3. Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a learning disorder
that involves difficulty reading due to
problems identifying speech sounds
and learning how they relate to
letters and words (decoding).
Learning Disabilities

4. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity

Disorder (ADHD)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) is a mental health disorder
that can cause above-normal levels of
hyperactive and impulsive behaviors.
Learning Disabilities
5. Authism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a
neurological and developmental disorder
that begins early in childhood and lasts
throughout a person's life. It affects how a
person acts and interacts with others,
communicates, and learns.
 Authism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A. Asperger’s Syndrome
It is a neurodevelopmental disorder
characterized by significant difficulties in
social interaction and nonverbal
communication, along with restricted and
repetitive patterns of behavior and interests.
 Authism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
B. Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not
otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)
It refers to a group of disorders characterized by
impairment in the development of social interaction,
verbal and non-verbal communication, imaginative
activity and a limited number of interests and activities
that tend to be repetitive.
 Authism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
C. Authistic Disorder
This is sometimes called “classic” autism. It
is what most people think of when hearing the
word “autism”. People with autistic disorder
usually have significant language delays,
social and communication challenges, and
unusual behaviors and interests.
 Authism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

D. Children Disintegrative Disorder

Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), also
known as Heller’s syndrome is a rare condition
characterized by late onset of developmental
delays—or severe and sudden reversals—in
language, social function, and motor skills.
 General Characteristics of ASD
1. Has Problems in Social Skills
2. Do not use eye to eye contact
3. Word behavior
4. Repetitive Behavior
5. Interested to things instead people
6. Have their own world
Learning Disabilities
6. Mental Retardation
Mental retardation (MR) refers to substantial
limitations in present functioning. It starts
before age 18 and is characterized by
significantly subaverage intellectual
functioning, existing concurrently with related
limitations in two or more of the following
applicable adaptive skill areas: communication.
 Levels of Mental
Retardation
1. mild mental retardation (IQ between 50-55 and 70)
2. moderate mental retardation (IQ between 35-40
and 50-55)
3. severe mental retardation (IQ between 20-25 and
35-40)
4. profound mental retardation (IQ below 20 or 25)
Learning Disabilities
7. Down Syndrome
It is a chromosomal condition that occurs
when an error in cell division results in an
extra chromosome 21. Down syndrome can
affect a person's cognitive ability and physical
growth, cause mild to moderate
developmental issues, and present a higher
risk of some health problems.
 Common Developmental
Problems
2. Brain Disorders
When your brain is damaged, it can affect many
different things, including your memory, your
sensation, and even your personality. Brain
disorders include any conditions or disabilities that
affect your brain. This includes conditions that are
caused by: illness.
Brain Disorders
1. Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders
that affect a person's ability to move and
maintain balance and posture. CP is the most
common motor disability in
childhood. Cerebral means having to do with
the brain. Palsy means weakness or problems
with using the muscles.
Brain Disorders
2. Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the
most common and fastest growing
form dementia in the aging
population, accounts for more than
60 percent of all dementia-related
diseases.
Brain Disorders
3. Dementia
Dementia is a syndrome that involves memory loss
and decline in intellectual functioning that is severe
enough to interfere with an individual’s ability to
perform routine tasks. More specifically, it involves:
• impairment in two or more areas of thinking and mental
ability, for example chronic forgetfulness, planning,
organizing and decision making, and confusion.
• a decline from prior levels of function that interferes in
daily life, such as work duties, driving, organizing tasks
and preparing meals.
Brain Disorders
4. Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a central nervous system
(neurological) disorder in which brain activity
becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of
unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss
of awareness. Anyone can
develop epilepsy. Epilepsy affects both males and
females of all races, ethnic backgrounds and ages.
Brain Disorders
5. Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a brain
disorder that leads to shaking (tremors)
and difficulty with walking, movement,
and coordination. PD encompasses a
variety of syndromes, all of which are
progressive and degenerative.
 Common Developmental
Problems
3. Mental Health Disorders
Mental disorders (or mental illnesses) are
conditions that affect your thinking, feeling, mood,
and behavior. They may be occasional or long-
lasting (chronic). They can affect your ability to
relate to others and function each day.
Mental Health Disorder
1. Anxiety
Anxiety is a feeling of fear, dread, and uneasiness.
It might cause you to sweat, feel restless and tense,
and have a rapid heartbeat. It can be a normal
reaction to stress. For example, you might feel
anxious when faced with a difficult problem at
work, before taking a test, or before making an
important decision. It can help you to cope. 
 Anxiety
A. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
People with GAD worry about ordinary issues
such as health, money, work, and family. But their
worries are excessive, and they have them almost
every day for at least 6 months.
 Anxiety
B. Panic Disorder
 People with panic disorder have panic attacks.
These are sudden, repeated periods of intense fear
when there is no danger. The attacks come on
quickly and can last several minutes or more.
 Anxiety
C. Phobia
 People with phobias have an intense fear of
something that poses little or no actual danger. Their
fear may be about spiders, flying, going to crowded
places, or being in social situations (known as social
anxiety).
Mental Health Disorder
2. Depression
Depression is a serious medical illness. It's more than just
a feeling of being sad or "blue" for a few days. Symptoms can
include
• Feeling sad or "empty"
• Loss of interest in favorite activities
• Overeating, or not wanting to eat at all
• Not being able to sleep, or sleeping too much
• Feeling very tired
• Feeling hopeless, irritable, anxious, or guilty
• Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems
• Thoughts of death or suicide
 Depression
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness. People who
have it go through unusual mood changes. They go from
very happy, "up," and active to very sad and hopeless,
"down," and inactive, and then back again. They often have
normal moods in between. The up feeling is called mania.
The down feeling is depression.
Mental Health Disorder
3. Personality Disorders
Personality disorders are a group of mental illnesses.
They involve long-term patterns of thoughts and
behaviors that are unhealthy and inflexible. The
behaviors cause serious problems with relationships and
work. People with personality disorders have trouble
dealing with everyday stresses and problems. They
often have stormy relationships with other people.
 Personality Disorders
• Cluster A: Odd or eccentric behavior
• Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional or erratic
behavior
• Cluster C: Anxious fearful behavior
 Depression: Cluster A
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid personalities are introverted,
withdrawn, solitary, emotionally cold, and distant.
They are often absorbed with their own thoughts
and feelings and are fearful of closeness and
intimacy with others.
 Depression: Cluster A
Paranoid Personality Disorder
The essential feature for this type of personality disorder is
interpreting the actions of others as deliberately threatening
or demeaning. People with paranoid personality disorder are
untrusting, unforgiving, and prone to angry or aggressive
outbursts without justification because they perceive others
as unfaithful, disloyal, condescending or deceitful.
 Depression: Cluster A
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
A pattern of peculiarities best describes those with schizotypal
personality disorder. People may have odd or eccentric manners of
speaking or dressing. People with schizotypal personality disorder have
difficulties forming relationships and experience extreme anxiety in social
situations. They may react inappropriately or not react at all during a
conversation or they may talk to themselves. They also display signs of
“magical thinking” by saying they can see into the future or read other
people’s minds.
 Depression: Cluster B
Antisocial Personality Disorder
People with antisocial personality disorder characteristically
act out their conflicts and ignore normal rules of social
behavior. These individuals are impulsive, irresponsible, and
callous. Typically, the antisocial personality has a history of
legal difficulties, belligerent and irresponsible behavior,
aggressive and even violent relationships.
 Depression: Cluster B
Borderline Personality Disorder
People with borderline personality disorder are unstable in several areas,
including interpersonal relationships, behavior, mood, and self-image.
Abrupt and extreme mood changes, stormy interpersonal relationships, an
unstable and fluctuating self-image, unpredictable and self-destructive
actions characterize the person with borderline personality disorder. These
individuals generally have great difficulty with their own sense of identity.
They often experience the world in extremes, viewing others as either “all
good” or “all bad.” 
 Depression: Cluster B
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
People with narcissistic personality have an exaggerated sense of
self-importance, are absorbed by fantasies of unlimited success, and
seek constant attention. The narcissistic personality is oversensitive
to failure and often complains of multiple somatic symptoms. Prone
to extreme mood swings between self-admiration and insecurity,
these people tend to exploit interpersonal relationships.
 Depression: Cluster C
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Avoidant personalities are often hypersensitive to rejection and are
unwilling to become involved with others unless they are sure of being
liked. Excessive social discomfort, timidity, fear of criticism,
avoidance of social or work activities that involve interpersonal contact
are characteristic of the avoidant personality. They are fearful of saying
something considered foolish by others; worry they will blush or cry in
front of others; and are very hurt by any disapproval by others.
 Depression: Cluster C
Dependent Personality Disorder
People with dependent personality disorder may exhibit a
pattern of dependent and submissive behavior, relying on others to
make decisions for them. They require excessive reassurance and
advice, and are easily hurt by criticism or disapproval. They feel
uncomfortable and helpless if they are alone, and can be
devastated when a close relationship ends. They have a strong fear
of rejection.
 Depression: Cluster C
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Compulsive personalities are conscientious and have high levels
of aspiration, but they also strive for perfection. Never satisfied
with their achievements, people with compulsive personality
disorder take on more and more responsibilities. They are reliable,
dependable, orderly, and methodical, but their inflexibility often
makes them incapable of adapting to changed circumstances. 
Mental Health Disorder
4. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental
health disorder that some people develop after they
experience or see a traumatic event. The traumatic
event may be life-threatening, such as combat, a
natural disaster, a car accident, or sexual assault.
But sometimes the event is not necessarily a
dangerous one.
Mental Health Disorder
5. Psychotic Disorder
Psychotic disorders are severe mental disorders that cause
abnormal thinking and perceptions. People with psychoses lose
touch with reality. Two of the main symptoms are delusions and
hallucinations.
– Delusions are false beliefs, such as thinking that someone is
plotting against you or that the TV is sending you secret
messages.
– Hallucinations are false perceptions, such as hearing, seeing, or
feeling something that is not there.
 Psychotic Disorder
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is one type of psychotic disorder.
People with bipolar disorder may also have
psychotic symptoms. Other problems that can
cause psychosis include alcohol and some drugs,
brain tumors, brain infections, and stroke.
Assignment

Watch the film, “Black Swan” and

create a reaction/reflection paper
about developmental problems or
mental health issues presented in the
film.
Assignment

Document (pdf)
Format:
- Times New Roman, 12
- Margin 1
- Justify
- 8.5 x 11
- 1.5 spacing
- 500 words
Assignment

Send it in my Gmail account.

iambendiaz@gmail.com