Course : FOOD6015– Introduction To Food Technology

Year : 2014

Food Packaging
Session 10
 Textbooks

1. Platt, GC (ed). 2009. Food Science and Technology.

Wiley-Blackwell Pblication. Unites Kingdom.

Bina Nusantara University

3
 Introduction
• Packaging is pervasive and essential
• Packaging can protect food

Design criteria

Bina Nusantara University

4
 Food Packaging requirements

– Nontoxic – Easy to open

– Prevent contamination from – Have dispensing & resealing
microorganisms & features
environmental toxicants – Be disposed of easily
– Barrier to moisture, oxygen, UV – Meet size, shape & weight
light & odors requirements
– Provide resistance to physical – Have appearance, printability
damage features
– Be transparent – Have low cost
– Be tamper-resistant or tamper- – Be compatible with food
evident

Bina Nusantara University This requirements can protect food to be safe 5

Origins of packaging
The ‘first’ examples of
packaging were natural
objects – shells, gourds and
leaves – used to contain food
and drink so that it could be
consumed in a place away
from where it was obtained.
 Packaging functions

• protect
• inform
• contain
• transport
• preserve
• display
Packaging categories

• primary packaging
• secondary packaging
• transit packaging
 Primary packaging

Package labelling
refers to the graphics
and text that provide
information about
product contents, and
directions for
handling and use

Primary packaging surrounds the product and features

labelling.
 Secondary packaging

Secondary packaging is the box or crate into which a number

of primary packages are placed for ease of manual movement
of products. Some secondary packaging is also used to display
products.
Transit packaging
Transit packaging is the
base pallet, strapping
and wrapping used to
bundle the boxes or
crates for transport and
distribution.
 Shipping containers

Transit packaged products are placed in shipping containers

for long-distance transportation and distribution.
Packaging manufacturing
About 65% of packaging used
in the UK is produced in the
UK. (The Packaging
Federation, 2010)
Packaging policy and
regulations
Statutory policies

Statutory polices are required by law.

The design stage is the most
important stage for insuring
compliance with regulations.
 Code of practice

A code of practice is an agreed

set of standards designers
voluntarily use to develop
packaging, and that companies
Code of Practice
follow when manufacturing
For optimising
packaging.
packaging and
minimising waste
World Packaging Organisation

The WPO recognises that over packaging is bad

for business and bad for the environment. They
ask their members to voluntarily follow their
sustainable packaging recommendations.
European Commission

The European Commission,

introduced the Producer
Responsibility Obligation in 1997
set an ambitious goal of recovering
a minimum of 79% of all
packaging materials by 2017.
Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs
Defra introduced a new waste
strategy in 2011 that encourages
packaging designers and
manufacturers to optimise
packaging and maximise
packaging recycling potential.
 British Retailers Consortium

In 2009, the BTC introduced the ‘on-pack recycling label’

designed to inform consumers about the likelihood that a
particular item of packaging will be collected for recycling in
their area.
Packaging materials

Requirement ofPackaging Materials :

Containment
Protection
Convenience
Communication
Attributes
 Selecting the right material
Material selection is based on:
• technical properties (strength, flexibility, etc.)
• fitness for purpose (moisture barrier, cushioning, etc.)
• availability
• manufacturing capability
• cost
• environmental impact
• regulations
 Packaging Materials

The most commonly used packaging materials in the UK are:

• paper and board (43%)
• plastic (20%)
• glass (19%)
• steel and aluminium (14%)

23
 Clasification of Packaging Materials

• Metals (steel and aluminium : 14 % in UK)

• Glass (19 % in UK)
• Paper (43 % in UK)
• Plastics (20 % in UK)

Bina Nusantara University

24
 Metals

The metals most commonly used for packaging are steel and
aluminium. Both of these rely on environmentally destructive
mining practices to obtain new materials.
 Metal recycling
Recycling aluminium
cans saves 95 percent of
the energy used to
make aluminium cans
from virgin ore.

Aluminium and steel are infinitely recyclable, and do not loose

their quality as a result of recycling.
 Designing with metals
Consider
• designs that use less metal – cylindrical shapes with straight
vertical sides use less material
• designs that use thinner metals – this reduces weight for
transport
• using metals made from recycled materials
• labelling that informs consumers that the packaging can be
recycled
 Glass
It takes one tonne of
water to produce one
tonne of glass.

Glass manufacturing is energy intensive and requires large

volumes of water.
 Glass recycling
When the demand for recycled
glass is low, many service providers
use a single collection bin. This low
quality cullet is used as an
aggregate in bituminous concrete.

Glass can be recycled indefinitely, but it must be colour sorted

to maximise its recycling potential. Because so many products
in glass containers are imported into the UK, more bottles are
recycled than are needed.
 Designing with glass
Consider
• designs that use less glass – cylindrical shapes with straight
vertical sides use less material
• designs that use thinner glass – this reduces weight for
transport
• a design that can be reused
• a design made from recycled glass
• use organic labels that burn off easily during recycling
• labelling that informs consumers that the packaging can be
recycled
 Paper
Paper are derived from
trees. The extent to which
the forests are properly
managed affects the
environmental
sustainability of paper as a
packaging material.
 Paper recycling
Paper contaminated with food
residue – like pizza boxes –
cannot by recycled. They can
be home composted.

Paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. When paper is recycled

the fibres get shorter. New material with longer fibre length
must be added to recycled material to make office-quality
paper.
 Designing with paper
Consider:
• designs that use less paper or cardboard
• designs that can be reused
• using materials with high recycled content
• using mechanical locking instead of staples or glue
• labelling that states where the wood came from and how the
forest was managed
• labelling that informs consumers that the packaging can be
recycled
Plastics
Plastics are a group of
materials, typically made
from petroleum-based
compounds. They can
also be made from
organic materials like
plant starch.

There are more than 50 different types of

plastic and hundreds of varieties.
 Plastic recycling
An international system of coding
is used to identify types of
petroleum-based plastics for the
purpose of recycling. SPI resin ID
codes 1 and 2 are most widely
recyclable.

Bio-plastics can be composted, but

not in home composters.
 Designing with plastic
Consider
• designs that use less plastic – cylindrical shapes with
straight vertical sides use less material
• designs that use thinner plastic – this reduces
weight for transport
• a design that can be reused
• a design made from recycled plastic (SPI resin
codes 1-2)
• avoid coloured plastic (they’re more difficult to recycle)
• labelling that informs consumers that the packaging can be
recycled
 Permeability Characteristics of Plastic Packaging

• Permeability

Bina Nusantara University

37
Bina Nusantara University
38
 Permeability Characteristics of Plastic Packaging

• Effect of Temperature
The temperature dependence of solubility coefficient can also
be represented by an Arrhenius- Type relationship:

Bina Nusantara University

39
 Permeability Characteristics of Plastic Packaging

• Moisture Exhange and self life

The shelf life of a food is controlled by
product characteristics including :
– Formulation and processing parameters
(intrinsic factors)
– The environment to which the product is
exposed during distribution and storage
(etrinsic factors)
– The properties of the package

Bina Nusantara University

40
Bina Nusantara University
41
 Interactions between packaging materials and
Food
• Corrosion
• Migration

Bina Nusantara University

42
 Packaging Systems

• Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)

modified for selected food products
Exp : Vacuum Packaging
• Active Packaging
Is packaging in which subsidiary constituents have been
deliberately included in or on either the packaging materials or the
package headspace to enhance the performance of the package
system

Bina Nusantara University

43
 Packaging and lifestyle

What is the relationship between the amount of packaging and

lifestyle?
 Packaging and waste
• Half of all the packaging produced
ends up in our homes.

• Primary packaging makes up 20

percent of all household solid
waste.

Every year, more than 10 million tonnes of packaging are used

in the UK.
 Recycling packaging materials
More than one-third of the food
packaging in an average shopping
trolley cannot be recycled.

Many materials used for packaging cannot easily be recycled,

and others become contaminated by food residues and cannot
be recycled.
Reducing packaging
Bottle manufacturers have redesigned
milk bottles to be 65 percent lighter. This
uses less glass and makes the product
lighter and less expensive to transport.
 Reducing packaging

Can manufacturers have redesigned steel cans to be 61 percent

lighter, saving metals and making the product lighter and less
expensive to transport.
Bina Nusantara University
49