SCIENCE 6

1st Quarter: MATTER

1. Properties of Matter
2. Separating Mixture
Matter is made up of the smallest
particle called molecule. A molecule is
made up of a particle called atom.
Molecules are arranged and behave
differently in solid, liquid and gas states.
 ARRANGEMENT AND BEHAVIOR OF MOLECULES IN
MATTER
1. Molecules in solid are packed closely together. They
seem or vibrate back and forth in only one fixed position.
The force that holds the molecules of solid is very strong.
Their movement is very limited or they only vibrate back
and forth, which is why solids have definite shape and
volume.
2. Molecules in liquid are loosely packed and have spaces
in between. The molecules can roll, glide, and take the
shape of the container. They are slightly apart from each
other, so they flow freely. The forces in molecules of liquid
are not as strong as solid.
3. Molecules of gases are far from each other. They
constantly move in all directions. They fill the shape of the
container. The force between the molecules of gas is weak.
This explains that gases have neither definite volume nor
shape.

ATOM - the smallest particle of matter which cannot be

further subdivided. Atom came from the Greek word
“atomos”, which means indestructible. Each element is
made up of only one kind of atom.
 PARTICLES OF AN ATOM

1.Electron – negatively charged particle

2.Proton – positively charges particle
3.Neutron – neutrally charged particle

The proton and neutron are found in the

nucleus of an atom while the electron travels
in definite orbits. These orbits are in different
levels or distances from the nucleus.
Every element has a definite number of protons (or
electrons). This is called atomic number. The sum
of protons and neutrons is called atomic mass.

ELEMENT ATOMIC NO. ATOMIC MASS PROTON ELECTRON NEUTRON

Hydrogen 1 1

Oxygen 8 16
ELEMENT ATOMIC NO. ATOMIC MASS PROTON ELECTRON NEUTRON
Carbon 6 12
Sulfur 26 32
Silicon 14 28
Copper 27 63
Silver 47 108
Nitrogen 7 14
Chlorine 17 35
Iron 26 55
 Pure Substance VS Mixture
Pure substances are divided into elements and
compounds. Pure substance is a kind of matter that
is made up of one or more kinds of atoms.
Examples are salt, sugar and water.

A mixture is made up of substances that can be

identified. Examples are sand and pebbles and 3-
in-1 instant coffee.
I. PURE SUBSTANCE : Elements & Compound
1. ELEMENTS are pure substance that can not be
decomposed into simpler form under ordinary chemical
means. They are classified as metals, nonmetals and
metalloids.
a. METAL – are mostly solid I form, except for mercury
 possess luster and they shine when light falls on them
 good conductors of heat and electricity
 malleable that can be hammered into thin sheets
 Ductile or can be drawn into fine wires
 Have high tensile strength
b. NONMETAL – exist in solids, liquids and gases.
 usually light in weight
 Used as insulators because they are poor conductors of
heat and electricity
 They are not ductile, malleable or strong

c. METALLOIDS – are elements that have properties of both

metals and nonmetals
 Solid but luck luster
 Semiconductors ( both insulate and conductor of heat and
electricity)
 Example : boron, silicon , arsenic
2. COMPOUNDS are the combination of two or more
elements that are chemically combined. It could be written in
a chemical formula. A chemical formula is an arrangement
of symbols and numbers that describe a compound.
a. Organic Compounds are the materials of living or
once living things.
 organic compounds contain carbon, they produce a
black residue when they are burned
 Insoluble in water except sugar, alcohol and acetic
acid or vinegar
b. Inorganic Compounds are those that do not come from
living things. They are sometimes referred to as mineral
compounds because they usually come from the
nonliving components of the earth’s crust. They can be
classified into: acids, bases, salts and oxides.
1. Acids are water solution of the compounds of
hydrogen that can turn blue litmus to red, or bromothymol
blue to yellow. They impart a sour taste. Their formulas
begin with H.

2. Bases –are compounds that produce hydroxide ions

when dissolved in water. Bases usually feels slippery and
have bitter taste. They can react acids to form salt and water.
3. Salts are compounds of a metal and nonmetal or a group
of nonmetals that are neither acids nor bases nor oxides.

4. Oxides are binary compounds of oxygen. A binary

compound id made up of only two elements. Water, sand,
carbon dioxide, and rust are the most familiar oxides.
II. MIXTURES are formed when substances-whether
in solid, liquid, and gas- are combined physically but
still retaining their properties after being mixed.

Classification of Mixtures:
1. Homogeneous Mixture
2. Heterogeneous Mixture
1. Homogeneous Mixture
- the substances are evenly distributed
- has uniform appearance
- the individual component of the mixture is no longer visible
to the unaided eye
- the components cannot be distinguished from one another

2. Heterogeneous Mixture
- the substances are not distributed evenly and do not have a
uniform composition
- each component is visible to the naked/unaided eye and can
easily be distinguished from one another
Kinds of Mixtures:
1. SOLUTION
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two substances,
one of which is usually a liquid. It is formed when one
substance dissolved in another substance.

Example: salt solution (salt and water)

*When salt dissolves in water, it is no longer visible but is
still there.
Components of Solution:
a. solute – the substance being dissolved
b. solvent – the substance that dissolves the solute

Solubility – the amount of solid that can be dissolved in a given amount

of solvent at a particular temperature

Soluble Substances – substances that easily dissolve in water

Insoluble Substances – substances that do not dissolve easily in water

Miscible substances – two liquids that are soluble in each other in any
proportion. It is formed when two liquids are insoluble to each other.
Alcohol and water are miscible to each other.
Immiscible substances – Two liquids that can be mixed together but separate
shortly after mixing. It is formed when two soluble liquids dissolve each other.
Examples are oil and water, and gasoline and water.

Factors Affecting the Solubility of a Solid Solute in a Liquid Solvent:

a. stirring c. size of solute
b. heating d. nature of the solute and solvent
Stirring – makes the granules of the solute mix quickly with the
particles of the solvent, causing the solute to dissolve faster
in the solvent

Heating – causes the particles of liquids to move faster and farther

apart; hence, solid particles dissolve more quickly in hot than
in cold liquids

Size of Solute – the smaller the particles are, the faster they dissolve
- the small solid particles come in contact with the liquid
particles faster

Nature of Solute and Solvent – when nature of substances do not

match such that they cannot form solutions with each other
The Effect of Manner of Stirring on Solubility
Stirring affects how quickly a solute dissolves in a
solvent. In the absence of stirring, the concentration of
solute will be highest close to the pieces of solute, so
more solute won't dissolve into the solution until it is
stirred. The solute will dissolve faster by diffusion.
One important concept of solution is in defining how
much solute is dissolved in a given amount of solvent.
This called concentration. If the solution has small
amount of solute it describes as a Dilute while
concentrated describes solution that has a lot of solute
in a given solvent. There is only a certain maximum
amount of solute can be dissolved in a given solvent.
Types of Solutions According to the Amount of Solute and
Solvent:
a. Diluted – small amount of solute is dissolved in a solvent
b. Concentrated – large amount of solute is mixed with a
solvent
c. Saturated – there is much more solute in the solution
than the solvent can dissolve at a specific
temperature and pressure

Classification of Solution According to its Final Phase:

a. Liquid Solution
b. Gaseous Solution
c. Solid Solution
a. Liquid Solution – formed by dissolving solid, liquid, or gaseous
solute in a liquid solvent
Examples of Liquid Solutions:
solid in liquid – syrup, brine
liquid in liquid – alcohol with water
*Miscible – liquids that combine easily
*Immiscible – liquids that do not readily combine
gas in liquid – carbonated water

b. Gaseous Solution – made by mixing two or more gases

Example: air(carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, oxygen gas,etc.)
c. Solid Solution – made by mixing a solid with another solid, liquid,
or gas

Examples: Alloys
-Steel (Carbon and Iron)
-Brass (Zinc and Copper)
-Amalgam (Mercury plus another metal)
Types of Examples Solute Solvent
Solution
Liquid VINEGAR Acetic acid Water (liquid}
dissolved in (liquid)
liquid
WINE Alcohol (liquid) Water (liquid)
Gas dissolved in SOFTDRINK Carbon dioxide Water (liquid)
liquid (carbonated (gas)
water)
Solid dissolved DENTAL Silver (solid) Mercury (liquid
in liquid AMAGRAM
SUGAR sugar Water
SOLUTION
What will you
do to dissolved
substances
faster?
 Why some solids
mixed with water
do not dissolve?
They are larger heterupon
standing. ogeneous mixture. A
suspension is a mixture in which
particles settle at the bottom of
the container
At first the particles are scattered
throughout the liquid. After standing
for some time the particles in a
suspension separate. The heavier ones
settle at the bottom and the lighter
ones remain at the top. Most substances
that are labeled with a “Shake Before
Using”.
SUSPENSION
A suspension is a two-phase heterogeneous mixture in which
a solid is dispersed or spread in a solid, liquid, or gas.
Containing larger particles that settle out when left disturbed.

*Suspension is composed of two substances:

a. Dispersed Material – coarser and larger than the solutes in a
solution
- distributed in a medium which can either
be solid, liquid, or gas
- not uniformly distributed in the dispersion medium
b. Dispersion Medium – similar to the solvent in a solution
Types of Suspension According to Their Dispersed Material and
Dispersion Medium
a. Solid-Solid Suspension Mixture
Examples: rice and corn, sugar and flour
b. Solid-Liquid Suspension Mixture
*Lighter solid materials float in water (sawdust in water)
*Heavier solid materials sink in water (sand in water)
c. Solid-Gas Suspension Mixture
Examples: solid particles of soot and dust suspended in air
(eventually settle on the ground)
d. Liquid-Liquid Suspension Mixture
-formed by mixing immiscible liquids
Example: oil and water
 COLLOIDS
Colloid is a homogeneous mixture which at times can
appear as a heterogeneous mixture.

* It is a mixture of a dispersed phase and a dispersion medium.

*The size of the substance in the dispersed phase in a colloid is

between those in a solution and a suspension.

*The dispersed phase and dispersion medium can be solid, liquid, or

gas.
 What is colloids?
.

Colloid is a homogeneous mixture which at

times can appear as a heterogeneous mixture.
It is a type of mixture in which solid or liquid
particles are dispersed uniformly throughout a
gas, liquid or solid.
The component typically present in a
relatively small amount is called dispersed
phase and the substance or solution
throughout which particulate is dispersed is
called the dispersion medium.
A common method of classifying colloids is based
on the phase of the dispersed substance and at
what phase it is dispersed. The types of colloids
are:
1. Sol - is a colloidal suspension with solid
particles in a liquid.
a. Solid Sols – dispersed phase and dispersion
medium are both solids
Examples: gem stones, pearls,colored
glasses
b. Liquid Sols – solid dispersed in a liquid
medium
Examples: paint, muddy water
2. Emulsion - formed between two
liquids

3. Foam - is formed when many gas

particles are trapped in a
liquid.
a. Solid Foam – gas dispersed in a
solid medium
Examples: rubber bands, pumice
stone, Styrofoam
b. Liquid Foam – gas is dispersed in
a liquid medium
Examples: froth, whipped cream,
soap lather
4. Aerosol - contains small particles of
liquid or solid dispersed in a gas.

a. Solid Aerosol – solid dispersed in gas

Examples: smoke, soot and dispersed dust

b. Liquid Aerosol – liquid dispersed in gas

Examples: fog, insecticide, hair spray

* When the particles of aerosols settle, they

are considered as suspension.
Category Dispersed Dispersing Examples Examples
Particles Medium

EMULSION liquid liquid milk Mayonnaise

SOL solid liquid gelatin Blood

FOAM gas liquid Beaten egg Whipped cream

white

LIQUID liquid gas fog Clouds

AEROSOL

SOLID solid gas smog Dust in the air

AEROSOL
What are the Applications of
Colloids? Colloids play a very
significant role in nature and in
our daily life. Some of the
important applications of colloids
are discussed in the next slides
 
Medicines:
Medicines in colloidal form
are easily adsorbed by the
body tissues and hence are
more effective 
Cleansing action of soap: 
Soap solution is colloidal in
nature. It removes the dirt
particles either by adsorption or
by emulsifying the greasy matter
sticking to the cloth.
Dialysis Machine:
Colloids are used in
dialysis. During dialysis,
particles of colloids from
those of the crystalloids
are separated by means
of diffusion through a
suitable membrane. It is
also in artificial machine
to stimulate the action of
the human kidney.
Pottery
Colloids are used in pottery.
Beautiful vases, figurines, and
plates are produced from
colloids. The potter makes a
paste by mixing ground quartz,
feldspar, and white clay or
kaolin in a small amount of
water, making it easy to make in
the potter’s wheel.
Artificial Fiber Industry
Colloids are used in the artificial fiber industry. These are used to
separate alkali from colloid materials.
 USES OF MIXTURES:

1. Solutions
a. They add flavor to the food (salt solution, sugar solution).
b. Liquid soaps and solvent dissolve stains from clothes.
c. They are used as beverages (coffee, tea, softdrinks).
d. They are used as medicines.

2. Suspensions
a. A suspension of flour and water is used in making bread.
b. Sand and water suspension is used in water-purifying process.
c. Medicines for children are prepared in suspension.
3. Colloids
a. They are part of the food we eat.
b. Gel is applied on hair.
c. Pen ink is used for writing.
d. They are used for making paint, paper, lubricant, etc.
e. Medicines in colloidal form are easily absorbed by the body

tissues.
f. Due to the colloidal nature of the blood, it can clot to stop
bleeding of wounds.
Determine if the following mixtures are solution,
colloids or suspensions. Write your answer before the
number.

______ 1. salt and water ______ 6. soil and water

______ 2. smog ______ 7. smoke
______ 3. oil and water ______ 8. alloy
______ 4. vinegar ______ 9. cough syrup
______ 5. gelatin ______ 10. soft drink
Performance Standards
1. Preparing beneficial and useful mixtures
Example: preparing fruit salad
2. Group Activities
Preparing:
a. chocolate-coated marshmallow
b. egg sandwich filling
c. pastillas
d. herbal medicine
SEPARATING MIXTURES

Physical Means of Separating Mixtures:

1. Decantation
2. Evaporation
3. Filtration
4. Sieving
5. Using magnet

Filter – separates solids from liquid

Sieve – separates solids
Decantation – the process of separating the components of a mixture
by pouring the liquid component from one container to
another without disturbing the lower layer or sediments
in a mixture
- used to separate solids from liquids
- can also be used in separating two immiscible liquids

Evaporation – the process by which the water in a solution evaporates

leaving the solid component in the container

Filtration – the process of separating solid and liquid substances by

using a porous filter that allows the liquid to pass through
Using Magnets – separating metallic solids using magnet
1. Manual Separation (Picking)
This is done to a mixture whose components differ in
size. Manual separation is used for separating coarse
components. This method is used for sorting the
different sizes of components.
Example: green monggo and white beans can be
separated quickly by manual picking.

2. Magnetic Separation
This process makes use of a magnet to separate the magnetic
component from the nonmagnetic one.
Example: the magnet attracts the iron filings.
3. Decantation
A mixture of solid and a liquid can be separated by decantation. The
liquid usually stays on top and is called supernatant. It can be
poured down to another container. The solid substance remains at
the bottom and is called precipitate. After decanting, the
solid remains in the container. In task 4, soil settles at the bottom
for few minutes when left undisturbed.

4. Sieving
Works to separate solid particles of different sizes. Screens with
varying size of mesh can be used to separate particles based on their
size.
5. Filtration

The mixture can be separated by letting the smaller particles

pass through a fine screen to separate them from bigger particles
(such as sand and pebbles). Filter paper can also be used to
separate the suspended particles from the liquid. It cannot be
used to separate liquid components from a liquid mixture. Also,
you cannot separate a solid that has been dissolved in a liquid by
filtration. Filter paper is a porous medium. It has very fine holes
that are invisible to the naked eye. It allows the liquid to pass
through but retains the tiny particles of solids.
6. Evaporation

In the evaporation process, the homogeneous liquid mixture (salt

solution) is heated to let the water evaporate. The solid (salt)
that has been dissolved is left on the evaporating dish. When the
salt and water is heated, water evaporates and the salt remains
at the sides and bottom of the evaporating dish.
In nature, many components of mixture are separated by the
evaporation process.
> water is separated from moist soil by evaporation.
> clouds are formed when water evaporates.
> damp soil is heated by the sun.
> clouds are formed when water evaporates.
> damp soil is heated by the sun.
Benefits of Separating Mixtures

1. To purify each substance and maximize the use of each purified

substance
Example: purifying water to remove impurities taken from air and

ground
2. Pure substances that are necessary to produce new products are
extracted from mixtures.
Example: gasoline, diesel, asphalt are extracted from crude oil
3. Salt-making industries employ evaporation
4. Grated coconut meat is squeezed and filtered to obtain the
coconut milk needed for certain recipes
Benefits of Separating Mixtures

1. To purify each substance and maximize the use of each purified

substance
Example: purifying water to remove impurities taken from air and

ground
2. Pure substances that are necessary to produce new products are
extracted from mixtures.
Example: gasoline, diesel, asphalt are extracted from crude oil
3. Salt-making industries employ evaporation
4. Grated coconut meat is squeezed and filtered to obtain the
coconut milk needed for certain recipes
ACTIVITY 1

1. Make a comprehensive concept map of the topics in the first

quarter.
2. Present your work.
ACTIVITY 2

1. Prepare/Write an activity that will enable the pupils to demonstrate

the performance standard: “Prepare beneficial and useful mixtures
such as drinks, food, and herbal medicines.”

2. Each group will present its prepared activity.