Basics of Engine

Internal Combustion Engines

types of heat engines

steam engines
external combustion turbines
Stirling engine

Otto engine
internal combustion Diesel engine
 Internal Combustion Engines

The internal combustion engine is an engine in

which the combustion of fuel-oxidizer mixture
occurs in a confined space

applied in:
automotive
rail transportation
power generation
ships
aviation
garden appliances
 Internal Combustion Engine
ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS

Internal combustion engines can be classified in a number of different ways:

1. Types of Ignition

(a) Spark Ignition (SI). An SI engine starts the combustion process in each cycle by use
of a spark plug. The spark plug gives a high-voltage electrical discharge between two
electrodes which ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber surrounding the
plug.

(b) Compression Ignition (CI). The combustion process in a CI engine starts when the air-
fuel mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in the combustion chamber caused by high
compression.

Internal Combustion Engine

 Engines
Configuration
• Engines: The cylinders are
arranged in a line, in a single bank.
 Engines
Parts
Valves: Minimum
Two Valves pre Cylinder

•Exhaust Valve lets the exhaust gases escape the combustion

Chamber. (Diameter is smaller then Intake valve)

•Intake Valve lets the air or air fuel mixture to enter the
combustion chamber. (Diameter is larger than the exhaust valve)
 Engines

Valve Springs: Keeps the valves

Closed.

Valve Lifters: Rides the cam lobe

and helps in opening the valves.
 Engines
Different arrangement of valve and camshaft.
 Engines

Cam Shaft: The shaft that has intake and

Exhaust cams for operating the valves.

Cam Lobe: Changes rotary motion

into reciprocating motion.
2. Engine Cycle
(a) Four-Stroke Cycle. A four-stroke cycle experiences four piston movements
over two engine crank revolutions for each cycle.
(b) Two-Stroke Cycle. A two-stroke cycle has two piston movements over one
revolution of crank for each cycle.
 Engines
Spark Plug

It provides the means of ignition when

the gasoline engine’s piston is at the
end
of compression stroke, close to
Top Dead Center(TDC)
 Engines
Piston
A movable part fitted into a
cylinder, which can receive and
transmit power.
Through connecting rod, forces
the crank shaft to rotate.
 Engines

Cylinder head
Part that covers and encloses the
Cylinder.

It contains cooling fins or water jackets

and the valves.
 Engines

Engine Block
Foundation of the engine and
contains pistons, crank shaft,
cylinders, timing sprockets and
sometimes the cam shaft.
 Engines
Connecting (conn.) Rod
Attaches piston (wrist-pin)
to the crank shaft (conn. rod
caps).
 Engines
Crank Shaft
Converts up and down or
reciprocating motion into
circular or rotary motion.
 Engines
Flywheel

Attached to the crankshaft

Reduces vibration

Cools the engine (air cooled)

Used during initial start-up

Transfers power from engine to

drivetrain
Engines
 Engine Related Terms
• TDC (top dead center)
• BDC (bottom dead center)
• Stroke
• Bore
• Revolution
• Compression Ratio
• Displacement
• Cycle
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 Internal Combustion Engine
TERMINOLOGY AND ABBREVIATIONS

The following terms and abbreviations are commonly used in engine technology
 Internal Combustion (IC)

 Spark Ignition (SI) An engine in which the combustion process in each cycle is started
by use of a spark plug.
 Compression Ignition (CI) An engine in which the combustion process starts when the
air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in the combustion chamber caused
by high compression.
 Top-Dead-Center (TDC) Position of the piston when it stops at the furthest point away
from the crankshaft.
 Bottom-Dead-Center (BDC) Position of the piston when it stops at the point closest to the
crankshaft.
 Direct Injection (DI) Fuel injection into the main combustion chamber of an engine.
 Indirect Injection (IDI) Fuel injection into the secondary chamber of an engine with a
divided combustion chamber.
 Bore Diameter of the cylinder or diameter of the piston face, which is the same
minus a very small clearance.
Internal Combustion Engine
 Internal Combustion Engine
 Stroke Movement distance of the piston from one extreme position to the other:
TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC.
 Clearance Volume Minimum volume in the combustion chamber with piston at TDC.
 Displacement or Displacement Volume Volume displaced by the piston as it travels
through one stroke.
 Smart Engine Engine with computer controls that regulate operating characteristics
such as air-fuel ratio, ignition timing, valve timing, exhaust control, intake tuning, etc.
 Air-Fuel Ratio (AF) Ratio of mass of air to mass of fuel input into engine.
 Fuel-Air Ratio (FA) Ratio of mass of fuel to mass of air input into engine.
 Rich Mixture
 Lean Mixture

 Ignition Delay (ID) Time interval between ignition initiation and the actual start of
Combustion

11/27/2020
Internal Combustion Engine
 Four Stroke Thermodynamic Cycle
• Intake
• Compression
• Power
• Exhaust

25
Internal Combustion Engine Basics

fuel

air air + fuel

pressure


volume
TDC BDC

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Internal Combustion Engine Basics

pressure
stoichiometric mixture
 

volume
TDC BDC

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Internal Combustion Engine Basics

pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC

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Internal Combustion Engine Basics

pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC

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Internal Combustion Engine Basics




pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC

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Internal Combustion Engine Basics




pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC

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Internal Combustion Engine Basics




pressure


 


volume
TDC BDC

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Internal Combustion Engine Basics




pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC

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Internal Combustion Engine Basics

Work =  (pressure x
volume)
positive work



pressure


 
exhaust gas residual
volume
TDC BDC

negative work
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 Internal Combustion Engine Basics

The Two Stroke Engine

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 Internal Combustion Engine Basics

The Two Stroke Engine

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 Internal Combustion Engine Basics

The Two Stroke Engine

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 Internal Combustion Engine Basics

The Two Stroke Engine

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 Internal Combustion Engine Basics

The Two Stroke Engine

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 Internal Combustion Engine Basics

The Two Stroke Engine

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Diesel 2 stroke

41
Two-stroke cycle

Two-stroke cycle

Gas exchange occurs between the working cycles by scavenging the exhaust
gases with a fresh cylinder charge
 Control mostly via intake end exhaust ports
In contrast to the four-stroke cycle , no valve train is necessary.
2-StrokeEngines

intake

Reed
Valve
2-stroke
Advantages of two stroke over four stroke
Simple mechanism.
Easy to start.
It gives one power stroke per revolution of the crankshaft. High power to weight ratio.
It has no valves, so complicated valve actuating mechanism not required.
It is light weight, 30% lighter than the 4-stroke engine.
It has few moving parts, so compact and simple construction.
No oil sump for lubrication. Petrol is used for lubrication
Low maintenance cost.
Light flywheels are required.
Disadvantages
Incomplete combustion, carbon deposit on the piston head and exhaust port.
Scavenging problems.
Less efficient in terms of fuel economy as fresh fuel is rejected during exhaust phase.
Shorter life span.
Worst hydrocarbon emission rate. High polluting.
High vibration and noisy operation.
Less thermal and volumetric efficiency.
 Four stroke vs Two-stroke cycle

Advantages
4-stroke engine
2-stroke engine
High volumetric efficiency over a wide engine speed range
Low sensitivity to pressure losses in the exhaust system Very simple and cheap engine design
Effective control of the charging efficiency trough appropriate Low weight
valve timing and intake system design Low manufacturing cost
Better torsional forces pattern

Disadvantages

4-stroke engine 2-stroke engine

High complexity of the valve control Higher fuel consumption

Reduced power density because the work is generated only Higher HC emissions because of a
every second shaft rotation problematic cylinder scavenging
Lower mean effective pressure
because of poorer volumetric efficiency
Higher thermal load because no gas
echange stroke
Poor idle because of high residual gas
percentage into the cylinder