MARRIAGE

NP8: Health Ethics

RESILIENCE COMPETENCE CREATIVITY SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

OBJECTIVES:
• Have a clear definition of marriage

• Understand the sacrament of matrimony

• Become familiar with the types of families in modern

society
A lifetime contract with spouses
A school of source of life

as ministers.

A sacrament, a union
of three partners;
An institution of the natural law,
man, woman and
not just a social note
God.
 What is MARRIAGE?
• It is defined as a lifelong union between man and woman for the
propagation of the race; for their mutual help and solace; and for
the purpose of enabling them to work out together their happiness
both here and hereafter.

• In a marriage, you are the key to the happiness or unhappiness of

your partner.

• Also known as the “holy matrimony”

RESILIENCE COMPETENCE CREATIVITY SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

 • Marriage is defined as the act of joining two people in
wedlock. The married couple must be the husband and
wife or man and woman. God instituted marriage done
outside God’s standard is an abomination before Him,
e.g. marriages of the homosexuals

LEGAL ASPECT OF MARRIAGE

- The family code of the Philippines defines marriage as a special contract of
permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in accordance
with the law for the establishment of the family.

- It is inviolable social institution whose nature, consequence and incidents are

governed by law and not subject to stipulation, except that marriage
settlements may fix the property relations during the marriage within the limits
provided by this code.

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 FUNDAMENTALS OF MARRIAGE

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 1. Teamwork
2. Communication
3. Honesty
4. Trust
5. Understanding
6. Respect
7. Love
8. Faithful
9. Forgiving

A theological reflection of the scriptural passages reveals three

crucial truths about the bonding of man and woman in marriage:

- That man and woman are equally persons

- That God is the author of marriage and the one who gives its
defining characteristics and
- That men and women are persons with body and soul, not merely
spirit persons
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Essential properties of matrimony
• UNITY
- This exclusive union of one man and one woman is clearly expressed in
the words of Genesis: man shall cleave to his wife and the two of them
shall be only one flesh. These words transcend the carnal union and
shed light on the profound union of feelings, interests, lives and
destinies.

• INDISSOLUBILITY
- Matrimony is an indestructible bond by its very reason of being and this
requires no demonstration

• ENDS
- The primary or principle end of matrimony is the procreation and
education of children for God .
THE FAMILY
• The basic unit of society

MAJOR ROLES OF A FAMILY ARE;

1. To protects its members
2. To socialize with them
3. Provide emotional support and security to its members through
love, acceptance, concern and nurturing

• Each family has values and beliefs that are unique to their culture of
origin

• These values and beliefs shape the family’s structure, methods of

interaction, health care practices, and coping mechanisms.
Types of Families
• TRADITIONAL FAMILY
- Both parents reside in the home with their children. The mother assumes the
nurturing role and the father provides the necessary economic resources.

• TWO – CAREER FAMILY

- Both husband and wife are employed, they may or may not have children

• SINGLE – PARENT FAMILY

- There are many reasons for single parenthood, including death of a spouse,
separation, birth of a child to an unmarried woman, or adoption of a child by
a single man or woman

• ADOLESCENT FAMILY
- A growing proportion of infants are born each year to adolescent parents.
These young parents are developmentally, physically, emotionally and
financially ill-prepared to undertake the responsibility of parenthood.
• BLENDED FAMILY
- Existing family units who join together to form new families are known as
blended families. Families with children living with a birth and no birth
parent are commonly called stepfamilies.

• COHABITING FAMILIES
- Cohabiting families consist of unrelated individuals or families who live
under one roof.

• GAY AND LESBIAN FAMILIES

- A number of homosexual and lesbian adults in today’s society have
formed gay and lesbian families based on the same goals of caring and
commitment seen in heterosexual relationships

• SINGLE ADULTS LIVING ALINE

- Individuals who live by themselves represent a significant portion of
today’s society. Single include young self-supporting adults who have
recently left the nuclear family as well as the older adults living alone.
 ISSUES ON SEX OUTSIDE MARRIAGE AND
HOMOSEXUALITY

RESILIENCE COMPETENCE CREATIVITY SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

PRE-MARITAL SEX
• Is a sexual activity practiced by
people before they are
married.

• Historically, premarital sex was

considered a moral issue
which was taboo in many
cultures and considered a sin
by a number of religions.

• But since about the 1960’s, it

has become more widely
accepted, especially in
Western countries.
 What is sex before marriage called?
• FORNICATION
- it is generally consensual sexual intercourse
between two people not married to each other.

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 WHAT ARE THE BAD EFFECT OF PRE-MARITAL
SEX?

• It definitely has more side effects than benefits.

• Pre-marital sex is an action that causes one’s

emotional, social, spiritual and physical being to
become corrupted.

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 WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE DANGERS DOING
IT?
• Emotional and spiritual dangers:
1. Worry about pregnancy and AIDS –
pregnancy and disease are two very serious
physical risk of premarital sexual involvement.

2. Disappointment and emptiness – sex is a

poor substitute for intimacy. That’s just one
way premarital sex promises more than it can
deliver

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 WAYS TO AVOID PREMARITAL SEX
•  Don't ever go out alone with a person you know will tempt
you or easily give in to sexual sin.

• Don't allow yourself to be alone with the opposite sex in a

place where temptation is easily fostered.

• Stay away from sexually suggestive books, magazines,

photos, or Web sites that will stir up sexual desires.

• Make up your mind. Never retreat. Let every new friend

you meet know you are committed to sexual purity.
 HOMOSEXUALITY
• The practice of medicine involves a body of
knowledge, a body of practitioners, and the
people who seek healthcare services.

• Homosexuality is of moral interest to medicine

in all these areas. The term homosexuality was
coined in 1869 by Karoly Maria Benkert to refer
to same-sex eroticism, and it has prevailed over
other proposed names, such as sodomy,
contrary sexual feeling, inversion, and Uranism
(Kennedy).

• To be sure, same-sex eroticism predates

contemporary terminology and has a long—if
contested—cultural history. 
• In 1952, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) described
its categories of disease for the first time, and it labeled
homosexuality as a "sociopathic personality disorder.”

• 1968 – revision of this classification described homosexuality

as a "personality disorder”

• 1980 – “ego-dystonic disorder”

• In 1981, the World Health Organization removed homosexuality

from its list of diseases.

• Despite this sea change in the views of the medical profession

generally, some physicians and psychologists still maintain that
homosexuality is a serious disorder.
ETHICAL AND LEGAL EVALUATION
• In ancient Greece, there were disagreements among
intellectuals about erotic interactions between males.
According to his chroniclers, Socrates (470–399 b.c.e.)
experienced attraction toward other males, but he saw it
as a means to achieve spiritual wisdom rather than
physical gratification. 

• Aristotle (384–322 b.c.e.) had less to say about

homosexuality, though he also disapproved, describing
homosexuality, in his Nicomachean Ethics, as a pleasure
of those with bad natures.
• In Medieval Europe, it was Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274)
who—from a Catholic background—offered the next major
treatment of homosexuality, calling it the most sinful
species of lust.

• In his Summa Theologiae, he describes homosexuality as

a violation of animal nature and of the order of sexual acts
generally. 

• The German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)

had a number of things to say about homosexuality,
though he found doing so distasteful.
• Kant argued that homosexuality was wrong because it
could not function as a universally accepted practice.

• Applied to everyone, the sterility of homosexuality would

put an end to the birth of children.

• Kant also found same-sex erotic behavior especially

degrading to the parties involved.
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LAW
• The ethical standards reflected in laws around the world
are widely variable.

• In some nations, sex between males or between females

is strictly forbidden and severely punished.

• In others, homosexuality is illegal as a matter of formal

statutes but is not punished in practice.

• In general, there is a trend in the United States to

decriminalize homosexuality.
• The Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Expression
(SOGIE) is an anti-discrimination bill that seeks to protect
Filipinos who are members of the LGBT community,
ISSUES ON CONTRACEPTIONS
Objectives
• Discuss contraception and clarify the different views on
these issues

• Understand the effects of contraception and be able to

analyze the legal and moral consequences of it

• Develop critical thinking and be able to make morally

acceptable decisions when confronted by complex
situations relative to contraception issues.
DEFINITION
• The deliberate use of artificial
methods or other techniques to
prevent pregnancy as a consequence
of sexual intercourse.

• Contraception (birth control) prevents

pregnancy by interfering with the nor
mal process of ovulation, fertilization,
and implantation. There are different
kinds of birth control that act at
different points in the process.
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
• FOLK METHODS
- The folk methods of contraception include the following;

 Pre – coital/ post-coital douche – vinegar and brine which are highly spermicidal
substances are prescribed as pre-coital douche. However, some people experience
a burning sensation in the sensitive membranes of the genitals so they prefer post-
coital douching which is believed to flush out and immobilize the sperms in the
vagina.

 Prolonged Lactation – it is believed that the prolongation of milk secretion or

production in the mother’s mammary glands could delay ovulation as a result of the
hormonal imbalance occurring inside the mother’s body.

 Withdrawal (Coitus Interruptus) – this method involves the withdrawal of the penis
from the vagina immediately before ejaculation; hence coitus is “interrupted” just
prior to orgasm, and the male ejaculates outside the female organ.
 Coitus Reservatus – in this method the male withholds
ejaculation just before orgasm and allows erection to
subside gradually, hence, coitus is “reserved” or “kept in
reservation”
• MECHANICAL METHODS

- Mechanical methods of contraception involve blocking the

sperm from entering the uterine cavity to prevent conception.
These methods include the use of:

 CONDOM – a sheath of latex rubber which is used to cover the

penis before coitus to prevent the sperm from spilling out into
the uterine cavity

 DIAPHRAGM – a dome shaped latex rubber membrane placed

in the vagina to close the opening of the cervix to prevent
entrance of the sperm. It is also called a cervical cap

 SPONGE – which is another variation of the diaphragm. It is

rectangular in shape with a string attached for easy removal
• CHEMICAL METHODS

- Chemical methods involve the use of spermicides that prevent

conception by killing the sperm cells before they enter the uterine cavity
or reach the fallopian tubes. Chemical methods include;

 VAGINAL SUPPOSITORY – which is a small bullet –shaped substance

similar to paraffin or a piece of candle, that contains chemical capable of
killing sperms.

VAGINAL TABLETS – which are moistened with water and then inserted
into the vagina 10 – 15 minutes before coitus. It melts at body
temperature and forms a coat of foam to prevent the sperm from
entering the uterine cavity

VAGINAL JELLIES – creams and foams which are also inserted into the
vagina shortly before copulation to immobilize and kill the sperms.
These spermicides are effective for an hour.
• HORMONAL METHODS

 CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS – is a combination of synthetic

hormones, usually estrogen and progesterone. It helps

 INJECTIONS AND IMPLANTS – a biodegradable pill

implant one centimeter long is injected through a large –
bone needle, right through the woman’s skin. This is a
combination of hormones and cholesterol which works up
to 3 years.
• ABORTIFACIENTS
- Include anything used to cause abortion or expulsion of the fetus.

 INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD) – is a small object made of plastic or stainless

steel. It comes in various shapes and sizes and is placed or inserted inside the
uterine cavity.

DES (DIETHYLSTILLBESTROL) – also known as morning pill, is a very strong kind

of hormone that forces the endometrial or uterine lining to shed.

PROSTAGLANDIN – is a powerful drug, which if taken orally, by injection or by

suppository, can cause a violent contraction of the uterus that can expel the fetus
either dead of alive.

ANTI-PREGNANCY VACCINE – produces anti-bodies on the woman that

neutralizes HCG. If the HCG level drops, then the woman menstruates and a
miscarriage occurs

LOW DOSE TYPE CONTACEPTIVE PILL – makes the endometrium not sufficiently
prepared for implantation . This is related to the damaged endometrium; hence
miscarriage occurs and the descending fetus flows with the vaginal discharges
So, how does it become a moral issue?
On moral issues…

• Those who say contraception is morally wrong do so for a

variety of reasons.

• Contraception is inherently wrong

• Contraception is unnatural
• Contraception is anti-life
• Contraception is a form of abortion
• Contraception separates sex from reproduction
 CONTRACEPTION IS UNNATURAL
• The natural consequence of
having sexual intercourse is
conceiving a child. It is wrong to
interfere with this.

• Therefore, birth-control is
intrinsically wrong. This argument
depends on two other ideas:

• it is wrong to interfere with the natural

order of the universe
• human beings interfere with the natural
order of the universe all the time
CONTRACEPTION IS ANTI-LIFE
• This argument is based on the premise that life is a good
thing. of this view argue that contraception is morally
wrong because:

• life is a fundamental good - it is a good thing

• those who use contraception are engaged in an “intentionally life”
act because they intend to prevent a new life coming into being
CONTRACEPTION IS A FORM OF ABORTION

• Some birth control techniques can operate by preventing

the implantation and development of a fertilized egg.

• Those opposed to such methods say that this amounts to an

abortion, and that if abortion is wrong then those forms of
contraception must also be wrong.

• The forms of contraception included in this objection are:

• some birth control pills
• most modern birth control pills
• the "morning-after" pill
• the IUD 
 CONTRACEPTION SEPARATES SEX FROM
REPRODUCTION
• Contraception makes it easier for people to have sex outside
marriage.

• This is certainly true, since sexual intercourse without

contraception carries a significant risk of conceiving a child,
which most of those having sex outside marriage would regard
as a deterrent.

• People think separating sex from marriage is wrong because:

• it makes immoral behavior less risky
• it undermines public morality by making it more likely that people will
have sex outside marriage
• it weakens the family
“Abortion is not a lesser evil, it is a crime. Avoiding a
pregnancy is not an absolute evil.”

- Pope Francis I
Reference:
• https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-alm
anacs-transcripts-and-maps/homosexuality-ii-ethical-issue
s

• https://www.slideshare.net/MarjunBalatero/modern-ethical
-issues-on-contraceptions
• https://www.slideshare.net/FrederickEusebio2/pre-marital-
sex

• https://www.slideshare.net/PhilosophicalInvestigations/sex
ual-ethics-2