Air Quality Index (AQI) and Thermal

Expansion of Water
What is Air Quality Index
(AQI)?
• The AQI is a tool for reporting daily air quality of any city or country
• It tells how clean or polluted the air is, and what associated health
effects might be a concern for public.
• In Bangladesh the AQI is based on 5 criteria pollutants; Particulate
Matter (PM10 and PM2.5), NO2, CO, SO2 and Ozone (O3).
• The Department of Environment (DoE) has set national ambient air
quality standards for these pollutants.
How does the AQI work?
• Think of the AQI value as a yardstick (table) that runs from 0 to 500.
• The higher the AQI value, the greater the level of air pollution and the
greater the health concern.
• For example, an AQI of 50 represents good air quality with little
potential to affect public health, while an AQI value of 300 represents
hazardous air quality.
• An AQI value of 100 generally corresponds to the national air quality
standard for the pollutant, which is the level that set by the mandated
Environment Protection Agency (e.g., for Bangladesh Department of
Environment) to protect public health
• Now carefully look at an example of AQI report of Dhaka city collected
by the US Embassy on 5th February 2020 which has been provided
below.
• Note that data from a single monitoring station cannot be applied to
an entire city. Therefore, air quality data collected at one monitor
station may differ from other monitors located in the same cities.

Question 1: Now look at the AQI value for Dhaka city today and write it down.
Global Warming
• Global warming is defined as a natural or human induced increase in the
average global temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface.

6
 Effects of Global Warming
Rising Sea Level Increased Temperature

Habitat Damage and

Changes in Water Supply
Species Affected
Reasons of Sea Level Rise

Global Warming

Melting of Ice Thermal

Caps and Expansion of Sea
Glaciers Water
Why does water expand with increasing
temperature?

• Water molecules are always in motion. When heat is applied that

motion will increase and the molecules will spread out.
• There is a lot water in the ocean and even small changes are cumulative
and can lead to real consequences over time.
Thermal Expansion of Water
• The surface temperature of ocean water varies by latitude and is
affected by air temperature. Globally, ocean water is 40C on average. If
average surface temperature increases (the air temperature near
Earth’s surface), ocean temperatures also increase.
• According to the 2014 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC), Earth’s average surface temperature increased by 0.85
[0.65 to 1.06] O C, over the period 1880 to 2012. This temperature is
expected to increase by an additional 1.8-4.0 0 C by the year 2100
(relative to 2000).
• The increase in air temperature causes a rise in sea level rise as well. For
the period 1961-2003, global sea level rose an average of 1.8mm per
year (total of 75 mm, or 7.5 cm), and it is expected to rise by another
0.2-0.6 m (20-60 cm) by the year 2100 (IPCC, 2014).
Thermal Expansion of Water (contd..)
• The approximate density of water is 1 g/mL, 1 g/cm3, or 1000 kg/m3.
Thermal expansion refers to the fact that, above 40 C, as temperature
increases, water expands. In other words, water becomes less dense; a
given mass of water will occupy a greater volume.
• According to the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), thermal
expansion is also predicted to be the dominant factor contributing to
sea level rise in the next 100 years.
Task
• Step 1: Weigh the empty 100 mL volumetric flask on the balance (show
all figures after the decimal point- don’t round).
• Step 2: Pour 100 mL water in the volumetric flask. Volumetric flasks
have a line marked on the neck of the flask. When the bottom of the
meniscus is at the line, the flask contains its stated volume of liquid. We
fill a volumetric flask to the mark in two steps:
• First use a beaker to quickly add liquid to a level below the mark.
• Then, holding the flask so the mark is at eye level, use a pipet to
carefully transfer liquid from the beaker into the flask until the bottom
of the meniscus is exactly at the mark.
How to Measure Water
in a Volumetric Flask

Read the bottom of meniscus at eye level

Task (contd..)
•• Step
  3: Weigh the volumetric flask and the 100 mL of water in it.
• Step 4: Subtract the mass of the flask from the mass of the flask + water
to get the mass of the water only.
• Step 5: Calculate the density of your water at room temperature by
using the formula below.
density (d)= =
 
Remember that 1cm3 is equivalent to 1mL.
 Questions for the Lab Report
Question 2: Fill in the information in Table 1.
Table 1: Measurements and reading for calculating the density of water on
_____________.
Parameters Measurements and calculations

Volume of water (mL)  

Mass of flask (g)  

Mass of flask (g) + water  

(g)
Mass of water (g)  

Density of water (g/mL)  

• 
Question 3. The approximate volume of water in the world’s oceans is
1.35X1024 cubic cm. Assume that this is the same temperature as your
room-temperature. Calculate the mass of this much water. Use the
density you calculated for water at room temperature in Question 2.
Show your work and show the equation you used for your calculations.

density (d)= so mass = density x volume

Question 4. Now using the mass you obtained in Question 3 and the
known density of water at 600 C (0.9840 g/cm3), compute the volume of
that mass of water. Show your work and show the equation you used for
your calculations.
 
density (d)= so volume =