Welcome to:

Rajant FastTrack Basic Training

Instructor:
Steven Griggs

11/29/2020
 Review of Online Training

11/29/2020
BreadCrumb Models

• Breadcrumb Models
LX5
• Up to 4 radios
• Infrastructure
• 33 Watts at 24 VDC Peak
• 2 Squids, 1 ETH Port each can power
from either or both
ME4
• 2 Radio MiMo or SiSo
• “Work Horse” Infrastructure or Mobile
• 19 Watts at 24 VDC Peak
• 1 Squid, 2 Available ETH Ports

SlipStream
• >600 MBPS TCP on the wired network
• No POE
• No Radios
• APT Master
11/29/2020
Getting Started LX5

11/29/2020
Breadcrumb Models: JR3
• Selectable 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio frequencies
supporting a wide variety of applications and
environments
• Single radio, single frequency
• Lower power consumption (1.8W avg, 6W peak
@24vdc)
• Military Grade Security
• Edge device, not meant to be an “integral” part of
the network.

5
Breadcrumb Models: ES1-5250

• 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio frequencies

supporting
a wide variety of applications and
environments
• Low power consumption (2.8W avg, 15W
peak @24VDC)
• Not currently IP67 rated
• Small and Light (6.079” x 5.830” x 1.575”
and 15.5oz)
• 1 programmable radio (2.4/5.8 Ghz)
• 2nd Radio is 5 Ghz Uni 1 and 3
6
 KM3-2450R/2409R
• Non-Ruggedized version of our
BreadCrumb® ME4.
• Intended for deployment inside pre-existing
outdoor NEMA enclosures.
• All of the same ME4 performance, capabilities,
and features with the same temperature specs.
but without the IP67 housing.
• The nodes can be mounted on the pre-
designed, pre-configured panels used with
these systems along with the circuitry, sensors,
and I/O devices typically included on the data
panels.
• The KM3 BreadCrumb is an ideal wireless
network solution for the Energy market,
particularly Oil & Gas operations that rely
heavily on SCADA, real-time monitoring, and
video surveillance. 7
KM3-2450R/ 2409R

8
 SE3-5250
The BreadCrumb SE3 is a Rajant mid-tier, multi-radio Kinetic Mesh®
node. Even with its advantageous price point, the SE3 has all the *Selectable 2.4/5.8 Ghz Radio
intelligence provided in our other BreadCrumb models. This mid-tier
mesh node contains two transceivers (one 2.4/5 GHz dual-transceiver that
allows users to set the radio frequency and one 5 GHz transceiver) and up
to four external antenna ports. It provides Ethernet and Wi-Fi Access Point
interfaces to enable data, voice, and video applications and is reliable in
extreme environmental and weather conditions

9
BreadCrumbs® Are Not Just Radios
• BreadCrumbs are intelligent network nodes that
perform multiple functions:
 Switch – constantly scans all mesh connections across all frequencies
and selects the best connection and route for each packet sent.
 Router – not only acts as a repeater to relay packets but dynamically
reevaluates and reroutes each packet to best/fastest route
 VLANs – can restrict and direct what message packets go where
 Gateway – used for extension of network
 Bridge – can route messages across a wired network or microwave
links or allow multiple breadcrumbs to be connected together to act
as one.
 Access Point – Can allow any 802.11 client to access the network.
Breadcrumb Architecture

Instamesh®
 Rajant’s Definition of
Mesh:

A Mesh Network is a collection

of wireless network devices (3
or more) that associate to each
other in order to form a path for
data to flow.
Rajant Meshing
MULTI-FREQUENCY
PEER-TO-PEER
CONNECTION

900MHz
5.8GHz
2.4GHz
Rajant Meshing
Rajant Meshing
A LAYER-2 NETWORK IS NOW FORMED WITH THE BREADCRUMBS. CLIENTS
CAN BE WIRED TO THE BREADCRUMBS, OR ASSOCIATE WIRELESSLY.
Rajant Meshing
PACKETS HAVE MULTIPLE PATHS THAT CAN BE TAKEN
BETWEEN SOURCE AND DESTINATION. EITHER FREQUENCY
ON EACH LINK CAN BE USED BY THE PACKET.

SOURCE

DESTINATION
Rajant Meshing
THE MESHING PROTOCOL WILL DETECT WEAKENED LINKS CAUSED
BY INTERFERENCE AND DYNAMICALLY AVOID THESE LINKS
UTILIZING THE MULTIPLE AVAILABLE PATHS.

SOURCE
INTERFERENCE!

DESTINATION
Rajant Meshing
NOT ONLY CAN THE MESHING PROTOCOL AVOID INTERFERENCE
2.4GHz
GEOGRAPHICALLY, THE AFFECTED FREQUENCY CAN BE
AVOIDED ALTOGETHER IF NECESSARY. 5GHz

900MHz

SOURCE
2.4GHz
INTERFERENCE!

DESTINATION
Rajant Meshing
The BreadCrumbs detect bad links by “costing” the links.

TIME STARTS WHEN

TIME STOPS WHEM PACKET IS SENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PACKET IS RECEIVED GOOD COST IS
THEN RECORDED!

ACK.
PACKET
Rajant Meshing
The BreadCrumbs detect bad links by “costing” the links.

TIME STARTS WHEN

TIME STOPS WHEN PACKET IS SENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PACKET IS RECEIVED “BAD” COST IS
THEN RECORDED!

ACK.
PACKET

INTERFERENCE AT Rx ANTENNA:
INITIAL PACKET NOT HEARD,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PACKET
NOT IMMEDIATELY SENT.
Rajant Meshing
THE NETWORK IS VERY RESILIENT TO THE LOSS OF
BREADCRUMBS. PACKETS STILL HAVE MANY OPTIONS FOR PATH
BETWEEN
SOURCE AND DESTINATION.

SOURCE

DESTINATION
Rajant Meshing
ANY BREADCRUMB ON THE NETWORK CAN BE CONNECTED TO
THE LAN. MULTIPLE BREADCRUMS CAN BE CONNECTED LAN
TO THE LAN.

LAN
Rajant Meshing
ADDING BREADCRUMBS TO A NETWORK WILL MAKE THE NETWORK STRONGER,
PROVIDING MORE POSSIBLE ROUTES FOR PACKETS TO TAKE
BETWEEN POINTS IN THE MESH.
Rajant Meshing
Breadcrumbs must share:
-Radio channel for each frequency band (several channels supported)
-Breadcrumb-network name
-Network key (a single passphrase/key used to secure network)
-Crypto settings (packet cipher, MAC cipher, per-hop authentication, key
sequence number).
RF Basics Summary
Properties of Signal
Polarity
ELECTRIC FIELD
IS VERTICAL

ELECTRIC FIELD
IS HORIZONTAL
RF Basics Summary
Properties of Signal
Measurement
EIRP

ADDING 3dB
DOUBLES THE POWER +10dB = 10x THE POWER
RF Basics Summary
Types of Antennas
Omnidirectional
Sector
Directional

Aspects of Antennas
Gain/Signal Spread
Reciprocity

Range

Mounting
RF Basics Summary
Enemies of Signal Quality
Multipath
Obstructions
Fresnel Zone
Weather
RF Basics Summary
Enemies of Signal Quality
Interference
Noise Floor/Signal-to-Noise Ratio
VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
RF Basics Summary
Radio Properties
Connectivity
Transmit Power
Receive Sensitivity
Connectivity and Throughput
Range/Connectivity Relationship

Link Budgets
APT Review
The highest “APT Priority” determines which Breadcrumb
is APT master. If two Breadcrumbs have the same APT
priority, the highest MAC ID will be the tie breaker.

All other APT Breadcrumbs are “APT slaves”

APT SLAVE APT SLAVE APT MASTER

ETHERNET LAN
APT Review
Breadcrumbs detect each other by sending out an IPv6 multicast
with a destination address of ff02::1.

ETHERNET LAN

APT links are IPv6 UDP streams. Any switches on an APT LAN
segment must be configured to allow these to pass through.

ETHERNET LAN
APT KEEPALIVE INTERVAL AND TIMEOUT
Breadcrumbs will periodically send APT ARPs, as well as keepalive
packets. A Breadcrumb will send an APT keepalive to each APT
peer if no other data has been sent to that peer since the last
keepalive interval.

ETHERNET LAN

The APT Timeout is the time an APT peer will wait before it
terminates the connection due to lack of keepalive packet received.

This also determines failover time to new APT master, as well as

the delay for Ethernet port availability on start-up.
MAC FLAPPING
MAC flapping occurs when packets received within
“DT” seconds of each other from a given source from
both wired and wireless interfaces).

ETHERNET LAN

This is normally a sign of:

A network infrastructure problem
An APT failover (if APT Timeout < DT)
VLAN Tags
VLANs use tags on each Layer 2 packet in order to identify
them from non-VLAN packets.
VLAN TAG
802.3 Ethernet Frame

• VLANs tags number between 0 and 4095.

• “0” and “1” are often reserved for special use. Check
documentation of other devices (switches, etc.)
before using them.

• Tagging a packet simply assigns it to a VLAN.

VLAN Config 1
Example of 2 VLANS untagged by the Breadcrumb
on each Ethernet port
VLAN Config
Switch VLAN config
• Wireless LAN settings should mirror VLAN
settings on the LAN.
• Review LAN switch and port configurations first.
• Apps server switch ports configured for the
correct individual (native) VLAN setting.
• Switch ports for Breadcrumb APT nodes should
be configured as trunk ports and any VLAN
tagged packets that traverse the mesh should
be added to the switch port.
VLAN Config 1
Adding VLANs to Breadcrumb

Add VLANs (Number

and Name), then set
the priority and click
on Save
Then reboot
VLAN Config 1
Set Local port to Native Mang VLAN

Select Rajant Network

VLAN 1024 to set the
Native VLAN for the
Local Port
VLAN Config 2
Example of more than 2 VLANS passing thru
the Breadcrumb Ethernet ports
VLAN Config 2
Adding All VLANs to Breadcrumb
VLAN Config 2
Configure both Eth 0 & 1 for same VLAN settings

Native VLAN
not set
(optional)