CE 5101

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II
UNIT-I
BY
S K SINGH

Lecture No 01

Introduction
Types of Structures and Structural Elements, Determinate, Indeterminate
and Stable Structures, Force and Displacement methods of analysis
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
Engineering Structures are those which are constructed or built.
Examples:
• Buildings
• Bridges
• Dams
• Towers
• Retaining Walls
• Cable Structures
• Shells
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Tie Rods/Struts-Two force members
• Beams-Members supporting transverse loading
• Columns- Carrying axial and eccentric loads
• Plates/slabs
• Arches/Shells
STRUCTURES
Trusses-consist of slender elements usually arranged in triangular fashion. Can be 2D as in
plane truss or 3D as in space truss. Members are two force members.
Cables and Arches-Cables are flexible and can carry only tension. Used to support
bridges/building roofs. Use is restricted by the sag, weight, and method of anchorage.
Arches have a reverse curvature to that of a cable, and are rigid to support its shape. They
develop axial thrust, shears and moment.
Frames are composed of beams and columns, that are either fixed or pinned at the ends. If
joints are rigid, they develop shears and moments and keep the members meeting at the joint
in equilibrium. Frames can be 2D or 3D.
Surface Structures have very little thickness compared to other two dimensions as in Slabs,
Folded Plates, Shells etc. Folded plates and shells carry the loads by shape rather than the
mass.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Structural analysis includes
• Determining stresses, strains, and deflection characteristics under static or quasi-static
loading or deformation conditions.
• Studying the response and vibrational characteristics under dynamic loading conditions.
• Checking buckling characteristics usually under static loading conditions, but occasionally
under dynamic loading conditions.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS CONTD…
To solve a static problem completely, we need to know the unknown forces and
displacements throughout the structure. This is done by using the following three relations or
conditions that govern the behaviour of the structure:
1. Condition for static equilibrium of the internal and external forces acting on the
structures.
2. Relation between the stress and strain of the material involved. (Hooke’s Law)
3. Geometrical relations between the strains and displacements.
It is possible to combine 2 and 3 and relate stresses or forces directly to the displacements.
GENERAL SUPPORTS AND REACTIONS
DETERMINATE, INDETERMINATE AND UNSTABLE
STRUCTURES
If the numbers of unknown reaction components are exactly equal to the number of available
equations of static equilibrium, the structure is a Determinate one.
In case the number of unknown reaction components exceed the number of available
equations of static equilibrium, the structure becomes Indeterminate. The degree of
indeterminacy or redundancy is the number by which the unknowns exceed the equations.
In case the unknowns are lessor in number than the equations, the structure will be unstable.
In general if the number of unknown reaction components are less than three, the structure
will be unstable.
FORCE AND DISPLACEMENT METHODS
Indeterminate Structures are analyzed using the following two approaches:
• Force Methods
• Displacement Methods
FORCE METHODS
Force methods are also known as Flexibility Methods. In these methods:
• The forces (including moments) are treated as unknowns.
• Displacements are written in terms of Forces.
• Compatibility of displacements are satisfied at the supports, and known boundary
conditions are used to generate as many equations as the unknowns.
• The generated equations are solved to get the unknown forces.
• Displacement as required, then, can be calculated.
DISPLACEMENT METHODS
Displacement Methods are also known as Stiffness Methods. In these
• The displacements are treated as unknowns.
• Forces are written in terms of displacements.
• Equilibrium of forces are satisfied for the structure consistent with the support conditions
to generate as many equations as the number of unknowns.
• The generated equations are solved to get the displacements.
• Forces as required then can, then, be calculated.
FORCE VS DISPLACEMENT METHOD
Displacement Method
F=kΔ
F is the general force including moments
k is the collection of stiffness factors
and Δ is the displacements.
Displacement methods are more general and follow the same procedure for both determinate
as well as indeterminate structures.
FORCE VS DISPLACEMENT METHODS
  Force Methods
Δ = F, where is the collection of flexibility factors.
Force methods differ for determinate and indeterminate structures, and hence we have to
first find the degree of indeterminacy to apply it.
ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCURES
Statically indeterminate structures differ from the determinate structures in two important
respects:
1. Their stress analysis not only involve their geometry but also their elastic properties,
cross-sectional areas, and moment of inertias. This makes the analysis and design a
iterative process.
2. In general the stresses are developed not only by the loads, but also due to
temperature changes, support settlements, fabrication errors, and so on.