Energetics:

Thermochemistry

M.W. Kamiyango
Premedical Sciences
University of Malawi
College of Medicine
 Study objectives
• By the end of this lesson students should be able to:
1. Identify state functions.
2. Explain changes in internal energy with respect to energy flows between a
system and its surroundings.
3. Qualitatively describe modes of energy transfer between a system and its
surroundings.
4. Calculate heat changes from appropriate experimental results.
5. Explain and use the terms: enthalpy change of reaction with reference to;
formation, combustion, hydration, solution, neutralisation, atomisation.
6. Explain heat changes involved in the processes of vapourisation,
condensation, and melting.
7. Explain and use the terms, bond and lattice energy.
8. Apply Hess’s Law to construct energy circles, and carry out calculations
involving such circles and relevant energy terms.
2
 Energy Flow and
Conservation of Energy
• we define a system as the material or process we are
studying the energy changes within
• we define the surroundings as everything else in the
universe
• Conservation of Energy requires that the total energy
change in the system and the surrounding must be zero
 Energyuniverse = 0 = Energysystem + Energysurroundings
  is the symbol that is used to mean change
 final amount – initial amount

3
 Internal Energy
• the internal energy is the total amount of
kinetic and potential energy a system possesses
• the change in the internal energy of a system
only depends on the amount of energy in the
system at the beginning and end
a state function is a mathematical function whose
result only depends on the initial and final
conditions, not on the process used
E = Efinal – Einitial
Ereaction = Eproducts - Ereactants
4
State Function

5
 Energy Diagrams
• energy diagrams are a

Internal Energy
“graphical” way of showing final
the direction of energy flow energy added
during a process E = +
• if the final condition has a initial
larger amount of internal
energy than the initial
condition, the change in the

Internal Energy
internal energy will be + initial
• if the final condition has a energy removed
smaller amount of internal E = ─
final
energy than the initial
condition, the change in the
internal energy will be ─
6
 Energy Flow
• when energy flows out of a
system, it must all flow into Surroundings
the surroundings E +
• when energy flows out of a System
system, Esystem is ─ E ─
• when energy flows into the
surroundings, Esurroundings is +
• therefore:
─ Esystem= Esurroundings

7
 Energy Flow
• when energy flows into a
system, it must all come from Surroundings
the surroundings E ─
• when energy flows into a
System
system, Esystem is +
E +
• when energy flows out of the
surroundings, Esurroundings is ─
• therefore:
Esystem= ─ Esurroundings

8
 How Is Energy Exchanged?
• energy is exchanged between the system and
surroundings through heat and work
 q = heat (thermal) energy
 w = work energy
 q and w are NOT state functions, their value depends on the
process
E = q + w
system gains heat energy system releases heat energy
q (heat) + ─
system releases energy by
system gains energy from work
w (work) +
doing work
─
system gains energy system releases energy
E + ─
9
 Energy Exchange

• energy is exchanged between the system and

surroundings through either heat exchange or
work being done

10
 Heat Exchange
• heat is the exchange of thermal energy between
the system and surroundings
• occurs when system and surroundings have a
difference in temperature
• heat flows from matter with high temperature to
matter with low temperature until both objects
reach the same temperature
thermal equilibrium

11
 Quantity of Heat Energy Absorbed
Heat Capacity
• when a system absorbs heat, its temperature increases
• the increase in temperature is directly proportional to the
amount of heat absorbed
• the proportionality constant is called the heat capacity, C
 units of C are J/°C or J/K
q = C x T
• the heat capacity of an object depends on its mass
 200 g of water requires twice as much heat to raise its temperature by
1°C than 100 g of water
• the heat capacity of an object depends on the type of material
 1000 J of heat energy will raise the temperature of 100 g of sand
by12°C, but only raise the temperature of 100 g of water by 2.4°C
12
 Specific Heat Capacity
• measure of a substance’s intrinsic ability to
absorb heat
• the specific heat capacity is the amount of
heat energy required to raise the temperature
of one gram of a substance by 1°C
 Cs
 units are J/(g∙°C)
• the molar heat capacity is the amount of heat
energy required to raise the temperature of
one mole of a substance by 1°C
• the rather high specific heat of water allows it
to absorb a lot of heat energy without large
increases in temperature
 keeping ocean shore communities and beaches cool in the
summer
 allows it to be used as an effective coolant to absorb heat
13
 Quantifying Heat Energy
• the heat capacity of an object is proportional to its mass
and the specific heat of the material
• so we can calculate the quantity of heat absorbed by an
object if we know the mass, the specific heat, and the
temperature change of the object
Heat = (mass) x (specific heat capacity) x (temp. change)
q = (m) x (Cs) x (T)

14
 Example 1– How much heat is absorbed by a copper coin
with mass 3.10 g whose temperature rises from
-8.0°C to 37.0°C?
• Sort Given: T1= -8.0°C, T2= 37.0°C, m=3.10 g
Information
Find: q, J
• Strategize Concept Plan: Cs m, T q

q  m  C s  T
Relationships: q = m ∙ Cs ∙ T
Cs = 0.385 J/g (Table 6.4)
• Follow the Solution:
q  m  C s  T
 
Concept T  T2  T1
Plan to T  37.0 C -  - 8.0C    3.10 g   0.385 gJ C   45.0 C 
Solve the  45.0 C
problem
 53.7 J
• Check Check:
the unit and sign are correct
15
 Pressure -Volume Work
• PV work is work that is the result of a volume change
against an external pressure
• when gases expand, V is +, but the system is doing work
on the surroundings so w is ─
• as long as the external pressure is kept constant
─Work = External Pressure x Change in Volume
w = ─PV
 to convert the units to joules use 101.3 J = 1 atm∙L

16
Example 2 – If a balloon is inflated from 0.100 L to 1.85
L against an external pressure of 1.00 atm, how much
work is done?
Given: V1=0.100 L, V2=1.85 L, P=1.00 atm
Find: w, J
Concept Plan:
P, V w

w  - P  V
Relationships: 101.3 J = 1 atm L

Solution:
V  V2  V1 w   P  V 101.3 J
 1.75 atm  L 
V  1.85 L - 0.100 L  1.00 atm   1.75 L 
1 atm  L
 1.75 atm  L  - 177 J
 1.75 L
Check:
the unit and sign are correct
17
 Exchanging Energy Between
System and Surroundings
• exchange of heat energy
q = mass x specific heat x Temperature
• exchange of work
w = −Pressure x Volume

18
 Measuring E,
Calorimetry at Constant Volume
• since E = q + w, we can determine E by measuring q and w
• in practice, it is easiest to do a process in such a way that there is
no change in volume, w = 0
 at constant volume, Esystem = qsystem
• in practice, it is not possible to observe the temperature changes
of the individual chemicals involved in a reaction – so instead,
we use an insulated, controlled surroundings and measure the
temperature change in it
• the surroundings is called a bomb calorimeter and is usually
made of a sealed, insulated container filled with water
qsurroundings = qcalorimeter = ─qsystem
─Ereaction = qcal = Ccal x T
19
 Bomb Calorimeter
• used to measure E
because it is a
constant volume
system

20
 Example 3– When 1.010 g of sugar is burned in a bomb
calorimeter, the temperature rises from 24.92°C to
28.33°C. If Ccal = 4.90 kJ/°C, find E for burning 1 mole
Given: 1.010 g C12H22O11, T1 = 24.92°C, T2 = 28.33°C, Ccal = 4.90 kJ/°C

Find: Erxn, kJ/mol

Concept Plan:
Ccal, T qcal qcal qrxn
qcal  Ccal  T qrxn  - qcal
qcal = Ccal x T = -qrxn qrxn
Relationships: E 
MM C12H22O11 = 342.3 g/mol mol C12 H 22 O11
Solution:
1 mol C12 H 22 O11 qcal  Ccal  T
1.010 g C12 H 22 O11   2.9506 10-3 mol
342.3 g kJ
 4.90 C  3.41C  16.7 kJ
T  28.33C  24.92C
T  3.41C qrxn  qcal  16.7 kJ
Check: the units and sign are correct
21
 Example 3– Cont’d

Given: 1.010 g C12H22O11, T1 = 24.92°C, T2 = 28.33°C, Ccal = 4.90 kJ/°C

Find: Erxn, kJ/mol

Concept Plan:
Ccal, T qcal qcal qrxn
qcal  Ccal  T qrxn  - qcal
qcal = Ccal x T = -qrxn qrxn
Relationships: E 
MM C12H22O11 = 342.3 g/mol mol C12 H 22 O11
Solution:
q rxn  16.7 kJ
E  
mol C12 H 22 O11 2.9506  10 -3 mol
 - 5.66  103 kJ/mol
Check: the units and sign are correct
22
 Enthalpy
• the enthalpy, H, of a system is the sum of the internal
energy of the system and the product of pressure and
volume
 H is a state function
H = E + PV
• the enthalpy change, H, of a reaction is the heat
evolved in a reaction at constant pressure
Hreaction = qreaction at constant pressure
• usually H and E are similar in value, the difference
is largest for reactions that produce or use large
quantities of gas
23
Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
• when H is ─, heat is being released by the system
• reactions that release heat are called exothermic reactions
• when H is +, heat is being absorbed by the system
• reactions that absorb heat are called endothermic reactions
• chemical heat packs contain iron filings that are oxidized in
an exothermic reaction ─ your hands get warm because the
released heat of the reaction is absorbed by your hands
• chemical cold packs contain NH4NO3 that dissolves in water
in an endothermic process ─ your hands get cold because
they are giving away your heat to the reaction 24
 Molecular View of
Exothermic Reactions
• in an exothermic reaction, the
temperature rises due to release of
thermal energy
• this extra thermal energy comes from
the conversion of some of the chemical
potential energy in the reactants into
kinetic energy in the form of heat
• during the course of a reaction, old
bonds are broken and new bonds made
• the products of the reaction have less
chemical potential energy than the
reactants
• the difference in energy is released as
heat 25
 Molecular View of
Endothermic Reactions
• in an endothermic reaction, the temperature drops due
to absorption of thermal energy
• the required thermal energy comes from the
surroundings
• during the course of a reaction, old bonds are broken
and new bonds made
• the products of the reaction have more chemical
potential energy than the reactants
• to acquire this extra energy, some of the thermal
energy of the surroundings is converted into chemical
potential energy stored in the products

26
 Energetics of Solution Formation
• overcome attractions between the solute particles –
endothermic
• overcome some attractions between solvent molecules
– endothermic
• for new attractions between solute particles and solvent
molecules – exothermic
• the overall H depends on the relative sizes of the H
for these 3 processes
Hsol’n = Hsolute + Hsolvent + Hmix

27
 Solution Process

1. add energy in to overcome solute-solute attractions

2. add energy in to overcome some solvent-solvent attractions
3. form new solute-solvent attractions, releasing energy

28
 Energetics of Solution Formation

if the total energy cost for

breaking attractions between
particles in the pure solute
and pure solvent is less than
the energy released in
making the new attractions
between the solute and
solvent, the overall process
will be exothermic

29
 Energetics of Solution Formation

if the total energy cost for

breaking attractions between
particles in the pure solute
and pure solvent is greater
than the energy released in
making the new attractions
between the solute and
solvent, the overall process
will be endothermic

30
 Heats of Hydration
• for aqueous ionic solutions, the energy added to
overcome the attractions between water molecules and
the energy released in forming attractions between the
water molecules and ions is combined into a term
called the heat of hydration
 attractive forces in water = H-bonds
 attractive forces between ion and water = ion-dipole
 Hhydration = heat released when 1 mole of gaseous ions
dissolves in water

31
Heat of Hydration

32
 Evaporation vs. Condensation
• vaporization and condensation are opposite processes
• in an open container, the vapor molecules generally
spread out faster than they can condense
• the net result is that the rate of vaporization is greater
than the rate of condensation, and there is a net loss of
liquid
• however, in a closed container, the vapor is not allowed
to spread out indefinitely
• the net result in a closed container is that at some time
the rates of vaporization and condensation will be equal

33
 Effect of Intermolecular Attraction on
Evaporation and Condensation
• the weaker the attractive forces between molecules, the
less energy they will need to vaporize
• also, weaker attractive forces means that more energy
will need to be removed from the vapor molecules
before they can condense
• the net result will be more molecules in the vapor
phase, and a liquid that evaporates faster – the weaker
the attractive forces, the faster the rate of
evaporation
• liquids that evaporate easily are said to be volatile
 e.g., gasoline, fingernail polish remover
 liquids that do not evaporate easily are called nonvolatile
 e.g., motor oil
34
 Energetics of Vaporization
• when the high energy molecules are lost from
the liquid, it lowers the average kinetic energy
• if energy is not drawn back into the liquid, its
temperature will decrease – therefore,
vaporization is an endothermic process
and condensation is an exothermic process
• vaporization requires input of energy to
overcome the attractions between molecules

35
 Heat of Vaporization
• the amount of heat energy required to vaporize one mole
of the liquid is called the Heat of Vaporization, Hvap
 sometimes called the enthalpy of vaporization
• always endothermic, therefore Hvap is +
 Hcondensation = -Hvaporization

36
 Energetics of Melting
• when the high energy molecules are lost from
the solid, it lowers the average kinetic energy
• if energy is not drawn back into the solid its
temperature will decrease – therefore, melting
is an endothermic process
and freezing is an exothermic process
• melting requires input of energy to overcome
the attractions between molecules

37
 Heat of Fusion
• the amount of heat energy required to melt one mole of the solid is
called the Heat of Fusion, Hfus
 sometimes called the enthalpy of fusion
• always endothermic, therefore Hfus is +
 Hcrystallization = -Hfusion
 generally much less than Hvap
 Hsublimation = Hfusion + Hvaporization

38
 Lattice Energy
• the lattice energy is the energy released when the
solid crystal forms from separate ions in the gas state
 always exothermic
 hard to measure directly, but can be calculated from
knowledge of other processes
• lattice energy depends directly on size of charges and
inversely on distance between ions

39
 Born-Haber Cycle
• method for determining the lattice energy of an ionic
substance by using other reactions
use Hess’s Law to add up heats of other processes
F means formation
• H°f(salt) = H°f(metal atoms, g) + H°f(nonmetal atoms, g) +
H°f(cations, g) + H°f(anions, g) + H°f(crystal lattice)
 H°f(crystal lattice) = Lattice Energy
 metal atoms (g)  cations (g), H°f = ionization energy
don’t forget to add together all the ionization energies to get to the
desired cation
– M2+ = 1st IE + 2nd IE
 nonmetal atoms (g)  anions (g), H°f = electron affinity 40
Born-Haber Cycle for NaCl

41
 Practice - Given the Information Below,
Determine the Lattice Energy of MgCl 2

Practice with Hess’s Law and also draw the Born-Haber

cycle for MgCl2.

Mg(s)  Mg(g) H1°f = +147.1 kJ/mol

½ Cl2(g)  Cl(g) H2°f = +121.3 kJ/mol
Mg(g)  Mg+1(g) H3°f = +738 kJ/mol
Mg+1(g)  Mg+2(g) H4°f = +1450 kJ/mol
Cl(g)  Cl-1(g) H5°f = -349 kJ/mol
Mg(s) + Cl2(g)  MgCl2(s) H6°f = -641.3 kJ/mol

42
 Practice - Given the Information Below,
Determine the Lattice Energy of MgCl2
Mg(s)  Mg(g) H1°f = +147.1 kJ/mol
½ Cl2(g)  Cl(g) H2°f = +121.3 kJ/mol
Mg(g)  Mg+1(g) H3°f = +738 kJ/mol
Mg+1(g)  Mg+2(g) H4°f = +1450 kJ/mol
Cl(g)  Cl-1(g) H5°f = -349 kJ/mol
Mg(s) + Cl2(g)  MgCl2(s) H6°f = -641.3 kJ/mol
H 6f  H1f  2H 2 f  H 3f  H 4f  2H 5f  H f  lattice energy 

H f  lattice energy   H 6 f  H1f  2H 2 f  H 3f  H 4 f  2H 5f 
H f  lattice energy   (641.3 kJ) -  (147.1 kJ)  2(121.3 kJ)  (738 kJ)  (1450 kJ)  2(-349 kJ)
H f  lattice energy   2521 kJ

43
 Enthalpy of Reaction
• the enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is an
extensive property
 the more reactants you use, the larger the enthalpy change
• by convention, we calculate the enthalpy change for the
number of moles of reactants in the reaction as written
C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g) H = -2044 kJ
  2044 kJ 1 mol C3H 8
Hreaction for 1 mol C3H8 = -2044 kJ or
1 mol C3H 8  2044 kJ
 2044 kJ 5 mol O 2
Hreaction for 5 mol O2 = -2044 kJ or
5 mol O 2  2044 kJ
44
 Example 4 – How much heat is evolved in the
complete combustion of 13.2 kg of C 3H8(g)?
Given: 13.2 kg C3H8,
Find: q, kJ/mol
Concept Plan: kg g mol kJ
1000 g 1 mol C3H 8 - 2044 kJ
1 kg 44.09 g 1 mol C3H 8
Relationships:
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 mol C3H8 = -2044 kJ, Molar Mass = 44.09 g/mol

Solution:
1000 g 1 mol - 2044 kJ
13.2 kg     6.12 105 kJ
1kg 44.09 g 1 mol

Check:
the sign is correct and the value is reasonable
45
 Measuring H
Calorimetry at Constant Pressure
• reactions done in aqueous solution are at
constant pressure
 open to the atmosphere
• the calorimeter is often nested foam cups
containing the solution
qreaction = ─ qsolution = ─(masssolution x Cs, solution x T)
 Hreaction = qconstant pressure = qreaction
 to get Hreaction per mol, divide by the number of
moles

46
 Example 5 – What is Hrxn/mol Mg for the reaction
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) if 0.158 g Mg reacts in
100.0 mL of solution to change the temperature from 25.6°C to 32.8°C?
Given: 0.158 g Mg, 100.0 mL sol’n, T1 = 25.6°C, T2 = 32.8°C, Cs = 4.18 J/°C,
dsoln = 1.00 g/mL
Find:
Hrxn, J/mol Mg
Concept Plan: m, Cs, T qsoln qsoln qrxn
qsoln  m  Cs  T qrxn  - qsoln
Relationships: qrxn
qsoln = m x Cs x T = -qrxn H 
mol Mg
Solution:
1.00 g
100.0 mL   1.00 10 2 g
1 mL
1 mol
0.158 g Mg   6.4994  10-3 mol
24.31 g
T  32.8C  25.6C  7.2C

Check:
47
 Example 5 – Cont’d

Given: 0.158 g Mg, 100.0 mL sol’n, T1 = 25.6°C, T2 = 32.8°C, Cs = 4.18 J/°C,

dsoln = 1.00 g/mL
Find:
Hrxn, J/mol Mg
Concept Plan: m, Cs, T qsoln qsoln qrxn
qsoln  m  Cs  T qrxn  - qsoln
Relationships: qrxn
qsoln = m x Cs x T = -qrxn H 
mol Mg
Solution:

qsoln  m  Cs  T qrxn  3.0  103 J

H  
 1.00 102 g  4.18 gJ C  7.2C  3.0 103 J mol Mg 6.4994 10-3 mol
3  - 4.6 105 J/mol
qrxn  qsoln  3.0 10 J
Check: the units and sign are correct
48
Using Bond Energies to Estimate H°rxn
• the actual bond energy depends on the surrounding
atoms and other factors
• we often use average bond energies to estimate the
Hrxn
 works best when all reactants and products in gas state
• bond breaking is endothermic, H(breaking) = +
• bond making is exothermic, H(making) = −
Hrxn = ∑ (H(bonds broken)) + ∑ (H(bonds formed))

49
Estimate the Enthalpy of the Following Reaction
H H + O O H O O H

50
Estimate the Enthalpy of the Following
Reaction
H2(g) + O2(g)  H2O2(g)
reaction involves breaking 1mol H-H and 1 mol O=O
and making 2 mol H-O and 1 mol O-O
bonds broken (energy cost)
(+436 kJ) + (+498 kJ) = +934 kJ
bonds made (energy release)
2(464 kJ) + (142 kJ) = -1070
Hrxn = (+934 kJ) + (-1070. kJ) = -136 kJ

51
 Relationships Involving Hrxn
• when a reaction is multiplied by a factor, Hrxn
is multiplied by that factor
because Hrxn is extensive
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) H = -393.5 kJ
2 C(s) + 2 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) H = 2(-393.5 kJ) = -787.0 kJ
• if a reaction is reversed, then the sign of H is
reversed
CO2(g) → C(s) + O2(g) H = +393.5 kJ
52
 Relationships Involving Hrxn
Hess’s Law
• if a reaction can be
expressed as a series
of steps, then the
Hrxn for the overall
reaction is the sum of
the heats of reaction
for each step

53
 Sample – Hess’s Law
Given the following information:
2 NO(g) + O2(g)  2 NO2(g) H° = -173 kJ
2 N2(g) + 5 O2(g) + 2 H2O(l)  4 HNO3(aq) H° = -255 kJ
N2(g) + O2(g)  2 NO(g) H° = +181 kJ
Calculate the H° for the reaction below:
3 NO2(g) + H2O(l)  2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g) H° = ?

[2 NO2(g)  2 NO(g) + O2(g)] x 1.5 H° = 1.5(+173 kJ)

[2 N2(g) + 5 O2(g) + 2 H2O(l)  4 HNO3(aq)] x 0.5 H° = 0.5(-255 kJ)
[2 NO(g)  N2(g) + O2(g)] H° = -181 kJ

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 Sample – Hess’s Law Cont’d
Given the following information:
2 NO(g) + O2(g)  2 NO2(g) H° = -173 kJ
2 N2(g) + 5 O2(g) + 2 H2O(l)  4 HNO3(aq) H° = -255 kJ
N2(g) + O2(g)  2 NO(g) H° = +181 kJ
Calculate the H° for the reaction below:
3 NO2(g) + H2O(l)  2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g) H° = ?

[3 NO2(g)  3 NO(g) + 1.5 O2(g)] H° = (+259.5 kJ)

[1 N2(g) + 2.5 O2(g) + 1 H2O(l)  2 HNO3(aq)] H° = (-128 kJ)
[2 NO(g)  N2(g) + O2(g)] H° = -181 kJ
3 NO2(g) + H2O(l)  2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g) H° = - 49 kJ

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 Standard Conditions
• the standard state is the state of a material at a defined set of
conditions
 pure gas at exactly 1 atm pressure
 pure solid or liquid in its most stable form at exactly 1 atm pressure and
temperature of interest
 usually 25°C
 substance in a solution with concentration 1 M
• the standard enthalpy change, H°, is the enthalpy change
when all reactants and products are in their standard states
• the standard enthalpy of formation, Hf°, is the enthalpy
change for the reaction forming 1 mole of a pure compound
from its constituent elements
 the elements must be in their standard states
 the Hf° for a pure element in its standard state = 0 kJ/mol
 by definition

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 Formation Reactions
• reactions of elements in their standard state to
form 1 mole of a pure compound
if you are not sure what the standard state of an
element is, find the form that has a Hf° = 0
since the definition requires 1 mole of compound be
made, the coefficients of the reactants may be
fractions

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 Writing Formation Reactions
Write the formation reaction for CO(g)
• the formation reaction is the reaction between the
elements in the compound, which are C and O
C + O → CO(g)
• the elements must be in their standard state
 there are several forms of solid C, but the one with Hf° = 0 is
graphite
 oxygen’s standard state is the diatomic gas
C(s, graphite) + O2(g) → CO(g)
• the equation must be balanced, but the coefficient of the
product compound must be 1
 use whatever coefficient in front of the reactants is necessary to
make the atoms on both sides equal without changing the
product coefficient
C(s, graphite) + ½ O2(g) → CO(g) 58
 Calculating Standard Enthalpy Change
for a Reaction
• any reaction can be written as the sum of formation
reactions (or the reverse of formation reactions) for
the reactants and products
• the H° for the reaction is then the sum of the Hf°
for the component reactions
H°reaction =  n Hf°(products) -  n Hf°(reactants)
 means sum
n is the coefficient of the reaction

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Sample - Calculate the Enthalpy Change in
the Reaction
2 C2H2(g) + 5 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
1. Write formation reactions for each compound and
determine the Hf° for each
2 C(s, gr) + H2(g)  C2H2(g) Hf° = +227.4 kJ/mol
C(s, gr) + O2(g)  CO2(g) Hf° = -393.5 kJ/mol
H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  H2O(l) Hf° = -285.8 kJ/mol

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 Sample - Calculate the Enthalpy Change in
the Reaction
2 C2H2(g) + 5 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
2. Arrange equations so they add up to desired reaction
2 C2H2(g)  4 C(s) + 2 H2(g) H° = 2(-227.4) kJ
4 C(s) + 4 O2(g)  4CO2(g) H° = 4(-393.5) kJ
2 H2(g) + O2(g)  2 H2O(l) H° = 2(-285.8) kJ
2 C2H2(g) + 5 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) H = -2600.4 kJ

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Sample - Calculate the Enthalpy Change in
the Reaction
2 C2H2(g) + 5 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
H°reaction = n Hf°(products) - n Hf°(reactants)

Hrxn = [(4•HCO2 + 2•HH2O) – (2•HC2H2 + 5•HO2)]

Hrxn = [(4•(-393.5) + 2•(-285.8)) – (2•(+227.4) + 5•(0))]

Hrxn = -2600.4 kJ

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