Functionally Graded Material

(FGM)
Introduction
• Variation in composition and structure
gradually over volume
• Innovative composite materials
• Composition and microstructure vary in
space following a predetermined law
 History
The “first” FGM was developed in Japan in 1984-85
as the result of a spaceplane project
Some FGM also occur naturally:
◦ Bones and teeth
◦ Seashells
◦ Human skin
As long as the material incorporates the FGM concept
it can be categorized as an FGM
Therefore, an FGM can be produced from
a homogeneous material and then
processed with a different condition such
as heat treatment and deformation.
Why FGM?
Disadvantages of traditional composites
◦ Not successful under high-temperature
◦ Discontinues stress field
◦ Delamination
Advantages and Disadvantages of FGM’s
 Advantages of FGMs
 Provide ability to control deformation, dynamic response,
wear, corrosion, etc. and ability to design for different
complex environments
 Provide ability to remove stress concentrations
 Provide opportunities to take the benefits (pros) of
different material systems [e.g. ceramics and metals such
as resistance to oxidation (rust), toughness, machinability,
and bonding capability]
 Disadvantages of FGMs
 Mass production
 Quality control
 Cost
CLASSIFICATION OF FGMS
FGMs come in several types, depending on their
constituents (e.g. ceramic-metal, metal-metal…)
Depending on the nature of gradient
◦ Fraction gradient type
◦ Shape gradient type
◦ Orientation gradient type
◦ Size (of material) gradient type
Ceramic-Metal TiC-Ni, Mullite-Mo, Al-AlB2

Metal-
Metal/Intermetallic W-Cu, W-Mo, Al-Al3Fe

Metal-Polymer Al-Polycarbonate

Others
Single material (variation
in porosity)
Glass - Ceramic

Ceramic - Ceramic
.Analytical model for an FGM layer
Example
TUNGSTEN-
COPPER

Tungsten
:Copper surface
:surface
Good electric and
Hard,
thermal
refractory
conductivity
material
TITANIUMCARBIDE-
NICKEL
Maximum fracture toughness is achieved for 30 wt.% Ni. The metal phase surrounds
.the TiC particles and hence acts as a toughening phase
Peak in hardness and flexure strength due to metal phase changing its behavior
from dispersive to connective
 Example of a FGM
 The human bone is a an example of a
FGM. It is a mix of collagen (ductile
protein polymer) and hydroxyapatite
(brittle calcium phosphate ceramic). The
yellow marrow consists of fat which
contributes to the weight and the red
marrow is where the formation of red
blood cells occur. A gradual increase in
the pore distribution from the interior to
the surface can pass on properties such as
shock resistance, thermal insulation and
the relaxation of the thermal stress. The
distribution of the porosity affect the
tensile strength and the Young’s modulus
PROCESSING METHODS
Powder stacking
Sheet Lamination
Electrochemical Gradient
Applications of FGM
Current applications of FGMs
include:
◦ Structural walls that combine two
or more functions including
thermal and sound insulation
◦ Enhanced sports equipment such
as golf clubs, tennis rackets, and
skis with added graded
combinations of flexibility,
elasticity, or rigidity
◦ Enhanced body coatings for cars
including graded coatings with
particles such as dioxide/mica
NUCLEAR FUSION REACTORS

Modification to heat exchangers in tokamak fusion

reactors

Reduction of interfacial stresses → increase in lifetime

More Applications of FGM
CONCLUSIONS
This is due to the fact that the ceramic
constituents of FGMs are able to
withstand high-temperature environments
due to their better thermal resistance
characteristics, while the metal
constituents provide stronger mechanical
reduce porosity and performance and
incresses strengh
REFERENCES
1-Yung YY, Munz D., Stress analysis in a two materials joint with a functional
graded materials, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on
Functionally Graded Materials, Elsevier, . Japan, 1996
2-Birman V. and Byrd L.W. , Modeling and analysis of functionally graded
materials and structures, Applied Mechanics Reviews, Japan,2007.
3_Albert Marin and Arturo A. Fuentes , Department of Mechanical
Engineering, The University of Texas-Pan American, 2006. :
4_ Donald L. Bartel, Dwight T. Davy, and Tony M. Keaveny , Orthopaedic
Biomechanics: Mechanics and Design in Musculoskeletal Systems Upper
Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, , 2006.
5_Y,W,A,kayser,B,H,Rabin,A,Kswasati,and R , G, Ford, Functionally Graded
materials ,Design, processing and Applications , Dordecht
/Boston/London : Kluwe Academic , 2006 .