Kinesiology.

INTRODUCTION
• Exercise principles adapted to enhance the strength, endurance, and
mobility of individuals with functional limitations or those requiring
extended physical conditioning.
The aims of Kinesiology
• Prevent, correct and cure
• Impact the development of coordination abilities
• Encourage the development of motor skills, flexibility, balance,
precision, dynamic and static strength
The aims of Kinesiology : for the students
with intellectual disabilities
• Improvement in health status
• Increase general physical abilities
• Develop spatial and temporal orientation
Interventions
• The treatment plan may include strategies to educate the client and
caregiver on techniques to enhance neuromusculoskeletal.
Kinesiology Evaluation
• In cases where an evaluation is performed without the expectation of
treatment, a physician referral may not be necessary.
• Examples: might be fitness testing, work fitness testing, physical
ability testing, and functional capacity testing.
FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION
• FMS (Functional Movement • Identify limitations or
Screen) consist of seven symmetries with respect to
exercises that, taken together, common and fundamental
test the stability and mobility of movement patterns.
our joints in the fundamental
movement patterns.
 ACTIVE STRAIGHT

MOBILITY
LEG RAISE
FUNCTIONAL
SHOULDER
EVALUATION MOBILITY
FMS
Some tests are supported ROTARY

CONTROL
STABILITY

MOTOR
by others. Good motor
control is required for TRUNK STABILITY
fundamental patterns to PUSH-UP

be expressed, and when

INCLINE
it comes to achieving this LUNGE
control we need

PATTERNING
FUNCTIONAL
adequate mobility. HURDLE
STEP

HURDLE
SQUAT
FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT
FMS

IDENTIFY ALTERED PATTERN

MOTOR COMPETENCE

STATIC MOTOR CONTROL

DYNAMIC MOTOR CONTROL

PERFORMANCE
Kinesiology
• Healing through movement, the therapeutic and corrective
application of passive and active movements and exercise.
Active & passive exercises
• These physiotherapy exercises are done to keep from losing muscle
strength or to increase it. There are 4 levels of ROM exercises.
1. Active ROM exercises are when you do the exercises yourself.
2. Active-assisted ROM exercises are done by you and a helper
Active & passive exercises
3. Passive ROM exercises are when you cannot do the exercises by
yourself or need someone to help you.
4. Resistive ROM exercises are when you are actively performing the
exercises and you have someone resist the movement you are
performing.
Active Exercise
• Is an exercise in which the patient exerts force to complete an action,
e.g. standing up from bed.
• The Physiotherapist is typically a supervisor and provides little to no
assistance to the patient unless a problem arises, i.e. fall. 
Passive Exercise
• Is an exercise in which the Physiotherapist exerts force on the patient
to complete an action, e.g. assisted range of motion (ROM) exercises.
the Physiotherapist is physically moving a client's body to prevent
thrombosis, atrophy, etc.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=21&v=cE5lv_AhP-E
The equipment of Kinesiology
Basic operators in Kinesiology
MOVEMENT- - EXERCISE

- Static - Passive
- Dinamic - Supporting
- Active
- Active with weight
The basic groups of exercise
• 1. Strength exercise
The basic groups of exercise
• 1. Stretching exercise
The basic groups of exercise
1. Relaxation exercise
 Selection of exercise
will depend of:
• Nature of injury
• Disease
• Neuromuscular condition and
coordination

• These circumstances also

influence body position during the
exercise
Body Position during the exercise
• Standing position
Body Position during the exercise
• Sitting position
 Body Position during the exercise

Crouching position Kneeling position Four- legged position

 Body position during the exercise
Lying down position

On the stomach

On the back
Forms of work

Individual
• The best effects
• Individualized exercise
• Adjusted according to the needs
of the student
Group
• Students are more motivated
• Higher impact on the
psychological status
• The exercises can be competitive
• Members within a group have
to have the same type of
diseases
TYPES OF EXERCISES
• Therapeutic • Proprioceptive Neuromuscular
a) Strengthening exercise Facilitation (PNF)
• Isometric (Static) • Muscle Energy Techniques (MET)
• Isotonic (Dynamic)
b) Endurance exercise
• Aerobic exercise
• Muscular endurance
 ISOMETRIC EXERCISE

• Within a few seconds of the start of isometric

exercise, both the systolic and diastolic blood
pressures rise. If heart problems not to extend
the duration of an isometric contraction beyond
6 seconds.
 Isotonic
• Strength does not change but the joint angle
does.
• Eccentric contraction, the force opposing the
contraction of the muscle is greater than the
force produced by the muscle.
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular
Facilitation (PNF)
• Form of stretching in which a
muscle is alternatingly stretched
passively and contracted. 
• PNF is an advanced form of
flexibility training that involves
both stretching and contraction
of the muscle group being
targeted.
• https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=PhfbsLEPus0
• Indications of  PNF :  -
1. Loss of range of motion.
2. Acute and chronic pain.
3. Muscle tightness.
4. Muscle cramp.
5. Loss of flexibility
• https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=n4CYxMr_D6s
• https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=V31lkMrSk5U
Effects of Immobilization
Effects of Immobilization
• MUSCLE
• ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
• LIGAMENTS
• BONE
MUSCLE
• Immobilization can lead to a loss of muscle strength within 24 hours.
• Increases muscle fatigability as a result of decreased oxidative
capacity.
• Muscles immobilized in a shortened position atrophy faster and have
a greater loss of contractile function.
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
• The greatest impact of immobilization occurs to the articular cartilage,
with adverse changes appearing within 1 week of immobilization.
LIGAMENTS
• Stress leads to a stiffer, whereas immobilization leads to a weaker,
more compliant structure. This causes a decrease in the tensile
strength, thus reducing the ability of ligaments to provide joint
stability.
BONE
• As immobilization time increases, bone resorption occurs, resulting in
the bones becoming more brittle and highly susceptible to fracture.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Lack of knowledge
• It is imperative to inform the patient about the injury and recovery
process. The use of a specific treatment, the intended goal, and any
side effects or sensations that may be experienced should be
explained to the patient. This helps the individual understand the
process, reduces any anxiety the patient may be experiencing.
Lack of skill
• The therapist should always demonstrate the skill and watch the
individual complete the exercise. Positive reinforcement and
suggestions should be provided to correct any errors in technique.
Lack of risk-taking ability
• Most individuals experience some level of fear and anxiety of the
unknown, fear of increased pain, discomfort, or reinjury during an
exercise may limit the individual’s motivation to exert full effort.
Lack of social support
• It is important to stress the individual’s value as a person, and
maintain connection to the team, friends, family, and any other
supportive entities.
INDICATIONS FOR THE
EXERCISES
INDICATIONS
• The Therapeutic Exercise Program:
- Phase One: Control Inflammation
- Phase Two: Restore Motion
- Phase Three: Develop Muscular Strength, Power, and Endurance
- Phase Four: Return to Sport Activity
Phase One: Control Inflammation

• Control inflammatory stage and minimize scar tissue with cryotherapy

using PRICE principles (protect, restrict activity, ice, compression, and
elevation).
Phase Two: Restore Motion

• Restore joint flexibility as observed in the unaffected limb

• Begin proprioceptive stimulation through closed isotonic chain
exercises
• Begin pain-free, isometric strengthening exercises on the affected
limb.
• Begin unresisted, pain-free functional patterns of sport-specific
motion.
Phase Three: Develop Muscular Strength,
Power, and Endurance
• Restore muscular strength, endurance, and power using progressive
resisted exercise.
• Maintain cardiovascular endurance.
• Initiate minimal-to-moderate resistance in sport-specific functional
patterns.
Phase Four: Return to Sport Activity
• Improve muscular strength, endurance, and power.
• Restore coordination and balance.
• Improve cardiovascular endurance.
• Increase sport-specific functional patterns and return to protected
activity as tolerated.
 Stretching exercises

• In order to improve the muscle's felt elasticity and achieve

comfortable muscle tone. The result is a feeling of increased muscle
control, flexibility and range of motion.
BUERGUER ALLEN
• Its objective is to improve the state of collateral blood flow in the
various disorders of peripheral circulation.
• Buerguer Allen exercises are repeated five or seven times, with a
frequency of 4 to 8 times a day.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRjWkYqn2Rs
Application technique This type of exercise
consists of 3 phases
• 1. Lifting phase: In this first phase the patient is supine with the lower
limbs flexed by the hip, at an angle of approximately 60º to 90º. This
position is maintained between half a minute and three minutes (30
to 180 seconds), performing dorsiflexions and plantiflexions, until a
pale skin.
 BUERGUER ALLEN
2. Descent phase: In the second phase the patient is in a sitting position
with the hanging feet, and will move both ankles, for 2 to 5 minutes
until you get hyperemia, which will occur due to the massive arrival of
blood to the area after the previous paleness.
 BUERGUER ALLEN
3. Resting phase: In this last phase, the patient is placed supine and
performs dorsiflexions and plantiflexions of the ankle for a period of
three to five minutes.
Contraindications to Buerguer Allen's
exercises
• Gangrene
• Recent or extensive thrombosis
• When the exercises cause a lot of pain to the patient
FRANKEL
•  Frenkel's exercises are used to bring back the rhythmic, smooth and
coordinated movements.
• The exercises progress from postures of greatest stability (lying,
sitting) to postures of greatest challenge (standing, walking). 
• Avoid fatigue. Perform each exercise not more than four times. Rest
between each exercise.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ri5iUR4Pi_0
Frenkel exercises for lower limb

• Whether the patient slides the heels or lifts it off the bed he has to
touch it to the marks indicated by the patient on the plinth. The
patient may also be told to place the heel of one leg on various points
of the opposite leg under the guidance of the therapist.
• Exercises for the legs in Sitting, Exercises for the legs in Standing,
Exercises for the legs in lying
Frenkel exercises for upper limb
• Similar exercises can be devised for the upper limb wherein the
patient may be directed to place the hand on the various points
marked on the table or wall board to improve coordination of all the
movements in the upper limb.
BACK EXERCISES
• KLAPP
• MCKENZIE
• WILLIAMS
 KLAPP
• Exercises are defined in such a way so as
to start from the default positions of the
spine from the ground up to the straight
erect spine working on each affecting the
center of mass of each segment of spine
to realign them. ( crawling method)
• Walking on knees,  Crawling on all fours,

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgS-
Hp8iMp8
 MCKENZIE
• The aims of the therapy are: reducing
pain, centralization of symptoms
(symptoms migrating into the middle line
of the body) and the complete recovery
of pain. When you do only 1 repetition,
this will cause pain. When you repeat it
several times the pain will decrease. 

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qA
0pJAOQgI
WILLIAMS
• Are a set or system of related
physical exercises intended to
enhance lumbar flexion, avoid
lumbar extension, and
strengthen the abdominal and
gluteal musculature in an effort
to manage low back pain non-
surgically.

• https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=WwThtmC8tLo
SHOULDER EXERCISE
• CODMAN
• ROCKWOOD
• CHANDLER
CODMAN
• One passive shoulder exercise
often prescribed during shoulder
rehabilitation, It’s used to facilitate
passive range of motion of the
joint, and doesn’t require a muscle
contraction.
• The four muscles surrounding the
shoulder joint supraspinatus,
infraspinatus, subscapularis, and
teres minor all make up the rotator
cuff.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=BQIsQItAcOI
 Chandler
• Passively mobilizes the limb,
swings the injured arm in flexion,
extension, lateral movement and
rotation; This position is the
best, in which greater muscle
relaxation is achieved around the
shoulder, it allows greater range
of motion due to the stretching
of the connective tissue of the
shoulder joint.
ROCKWOOD
• Designed to prevent the
shoulder from continuing to
come out of its socket. This
strengthening routine targets
the rotator cuff and deltoid
muscles in an effort to give
stability to the joint.
• https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=rU1FeUNNi70