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 Virology

 DEFINITION – the study of viruses and

virus-like agents.
 Structure
 Classification and evolution
 Methods of multiplication
 Diseases
 Techniques to isolate/culture
 Use in research and therapy
 Virology
 VIRUS (from the latin virus meaning toxin
or poison) is a microscopic infectious agent
that is an obligatory intracellular parasite.
 VIRUSES infect all types of organisms
from animals and plants to bacteria
 VIROLOGY - Classification of
Viruses
 Host range
 Very specific (small pox in humans)

 Enveloped or non-enveloped (presence or absence)

 Type of nucleic acid in the virion (DNA or RNA)

 Shape ( symmetry of the viral capsid)

 Dimensions of the virion and capsid

 VIROLOGY - Viral Size

 20 nm - 1000 nm
VIROLOGY - Viral Structure
 VIROLOGY – NUCLEIC ACIDS

ds DNA
 RNA or DNA ss DNA

 Double or single-
stranded
ds RNA
ss RNA segmented
non-segmented
 Segmented or
nonsegmented
 VIROLOGY - Capsids

 Composed of protein
subunits called
capsomeres.

 Functions
 Protective
 Recognition/attachment to
host cells
 Introduction of nucleic acid
into host cell
VIROLOGY - Envelopes

 Composition
 Lipids from host cell membrane

 Proteins

 Glycoproteins

 Function
 Camouflage?

 Recognition/attachment to host

cell
 Helps introduce nucleic acid into

host cell
 Protects nucleic acid
 Viral Shape

Helical (ex: rabies, ebola)

PolyhedraI/icosohedral (ex:
adenovirus, poliovirus)
 Viral Shape
Complex

(ex: bacteriophage)
Animal RNA Viruses
Animal DNA viruses
 VIROLOGY – Multiplication
of Animal Viruses

Transmission:
animal viruses: aerosols, break in skin, fluids [blood, saliva, sexual
contact]

Attachment/Penetration:
animal viruses bind to specific surface receptors;
Entry: fuse with or engulfed by the plasma membrane

Release:
animal viruses lyse cells or bud through (plasma) membrane
 Viral Life Cycle
 Entry into host cell
 Uncoating
 Replication of nucleic acids & production
of proteins
 Maturation/assembly
 Release of virus
 Multiplication Cycle: Entry I
2. Entry – Engulfment (Endocytosis)
Multiplication Cycle: Entry II

2. Entry
(Fusion of cell membrane with viral envelope via
spikes)
 Multiplication Cycle

3. Uncoating
Nucleic acid is released
from nucleocapsid
 VIROLOGY -Multiplication
Cycle

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Viral proteins

4. Replication of Nucleic Cytoplasm Viral DNA

Acids & Proteins Nuclear pore

A
C

A. DNA enters nucleus.

B

B. DNA is transcribed. D Viral mRNA

C. RNA is exported to cytoplasm

& translated. Nucleus

D. DNA is replicated in nucleus.

E. Viral DNA inserted into host
genome. Replicated
viral DNA Mature
virus
E Host DNA
 VIROLOGY -Multiplication
Cycle
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Viral proteins

Cytoplasm Viral DNA

Nuclear pore

5. Maturation/Assembly
 New nucleocapsids self- Viral mRNA

assemble Nucleus

Replicated
viral DNA Mature
virus
Host DNA
Multiplication Cycle

6. Release of virus
ATTACHMENT Click after each step to view process

PENETRATION HOST
FUNCTIONS
UNCOATING

Transcription
Translation
REPLICATION

VIRAL
LIFE ASSEMBLY
(MATURATION)
CYCLE
RELEASE

22
MULTIPLICATION
 Transmission of Viruses Between Hosts

AEROSOLS FLUIDS PARENT TO VECTORS

(airborne) (direct OFFSPRING
OR contact)
INGESTION
(water- or
foodborne)
ANIMAL MOST FEW FEW MANY
VIRUSES Picorna Hepadna Retro Toga
Orthomyxo Retro Herpes Flavi
Corona Herpes Arena Bunya
Reo Papilloma Rhabdo
 VIROLOGY - Outcomes of
Animal Virus Infections
 Acute Infection
 Virus has a short duration and often not fatal, and disappears when the
disease process ends.
 ( ex: parvovirus, measles in people)

 Latent Infections
 Virus can remain in equilibrium with the host and not actually produce
disease for a long period, often many years.
 ( ex: human herpes simplex, Feline Herpes)

 Persistent/Chronic Infections
 Virus is often fatal and occurs gradually over a long period.
 ( ex: HIV/AIDS, FeLV, FIV (Feline immuodeficiency virus)
 Methods of diagnosis for viral
diseases

 I. Serology
 II. Cytology or Histology
 Serology

 Look for viral antigens or anti-viral antibodies

 A four fold or greater rise in titer between two
serum specimens provides a positive diagnosis.
 Paired sera, the first taken as early as possible in
the illness and the second 10 to 14 days after the
onset of symptoms.
 Serology Methods

 ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent

assay)
-Most common test
-(ex: in animals Parvovirus)
 Histology and cytology

 Inclusion bodies - nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates

of stainable substances, usually proteins
 They usually represent sites of viral multiplication,

ex: distemper
 Negri bodies - a particular type of cytoplasmic
inclusion body, ex: rabies
VIROLOGY – INCLUSION
BODIES
A.Lung lesion in an
African
wild dog
B. Inclusion bodies
 Negri bodies
can be seen with a light microscope. A section through a Purkinje cell
with Negri body in the cytoplasm

Negri body
Thank U 4 your attention