STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE BEAMS USING GFRP

Presented by
MIRUTHUN GANESAN (711318413003)

Under the guidance of

Mr. D.Vivek
Assistant professor
 Contents
• Introduction
• Objectives
• Methodology
• Results and Discussions
• Conclusion
• References
• Publications
 INTRODUCTION
• Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) mainly used for external strengthening of structural member,
which are widely used in construction. These methods greatly strengthen the structural member
than conventional concrete member. Various studies have been done based on FRP in recent
days.
• Beams were strengthened with GFRP of chopped strand mat ,woven roving ,and uni-
directional cloth of thickness 3mm and 5mm.The beam specimens were subjected to four-point
bending test. The result shows that the reinforced concrete beam with GFRP increases the
strength, deformed capacity, ductility and composite action until failure than conventional
reinforced concrete beam.
• Strengthening done by using four types of laminates such as 4-layerd symmetric cross-
ply(SCP), symmetric angle-ply (SAP), anti-symmetric cross-ply (ASCP), and anti-symmetric
angle-ply (ASAP) laminates. From test the symmetrical cross –ply laminates shows better
laminates for strengthening strength, stiffness, flexural capacity and ductility.
• Researchers have been conducted nonlinear Finite Element analysis (FEA) on
reinforced high strength concrete beams with GFRP. Three dimensioned finite element
model has been developed for FRP composites and compare with test result. The FEA
shows appreciable agreement with the test result.
• The ultimate strength of structures can increase by using FRP externally bonding with
epoxy resin. The side bonded GFRP increases more load carrying capacity than GFRP to
concrete surface. From normal beam, the strengthened beam gives sufficient warning
before failure.
• From all these studies concluded that the use of FRP increases the strength of RC
members.In this paper studied the use of GFRP strengthened the RC beams. The RC
beams strengthened with GFRP sheets by three methods such as intermittent spacing,
cross over and inclined way and find out the flexural behavior of strengthened beams
and compare this behavior with conventional reinforced concrete beams.
OBJECTIVES

• The objective of this paper is to study the strengthening and stiffness of concrete
while using FRP laminates.
• Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) which are taken in form of sheets and are
wrapped by three methods and find out its strengthening properties.
• The grade of concrete of beam which is going to be used is M25.The beam is going to
be undergoing flexural strength test.
• Again, the same ruptured beam is going to be laminated with GFRP sheets by
intermittent spacing, cross over and inclined way. Then the beam is again subjected to
test. Then the test results are compared between various types
METHODOLOGY

TESTING THE WRAPPING THE

CASTING OF BEAMS AND BEAMS USING GFRP
CONCRETE BEAMS ASSESSING THE BY DIFFERENT
STRENGTH METHODS

TESTING THE
STRENGTH OF
CONCLUSION
CONCRETE BEAMS
AFTER WRAPPING
GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER

S. No Physical properties Values

1 Diameter µm 10-30

2 Density Kg/m3 2600 Max

3 Volume Fraction % 33.33

  Bulk modulus GPa 50 Max

 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

S.NO Mechanical properties Values

1 Tensile strength MPa 3450 Concentration

S. No Chemical composition
2 Young’s modulus GPa 72.4 %

3 Ultimate tensile strain % 2.4

Thermal Expansion Co-efficient 10 -

4 5 1 SiO2 54
6
/˚ C

5 Poisson’s co-efficient 0.22

2 Al2O3 15
6 Compressive strength MPa 5000 Max

7 Hardness MPa 6000 Max

3 CaO 12
8 Shear modulus GPa 36
 EPOXY RESIN

ER used as a base polymer matrix because it shows very high mechanical properties. The physical and
mechanical properties as per IS: 9197-1979(Reaffirmed 2001) of ER have been displayed in table 4 and
table 5 respectively.

S.NO Physical properties Value S.NO Mechanical properties Value

1 Tensile strength MPa 55-130

1 Density Kg/m 3
1200-1400
2 Longitudinal modulus GPa 2.75-4.10

2 Moisture content % 0.08-0.15

3 Poisson’s ratio 0.38-0.40

3 Volume fraction % 66.67 4 Thermal expansion coefficient 45-65

 CASTING OF BEAM

• Totally 9 number of beams were casted .The characteristics strength of concrete

was taken by 25MPa.As per IS 10262-2019, the concrete mix proportion has
been taken as 1:1.43:2.18.
• The design of RC rectangular beam based on IS 456-2000 at under reinforced
condition.
• The RC rectangular beam having the cross section of 150mmx250mm and length
of 3000mm were casted.
• The main longitudinal reinforcements used were two numbers of HYSD bars
Fe 415 of 12 mm diameter and top bar of 10 mm diameter. The stirrups were
made from Fe 250 mild steel bars of 8 mm diameter provided at a spacing of
120mm c/c. The top and bottom and side cover were taken as 30mm. The
detailing of RC rectangular beam given in figure 1. The RC beam designated as
RCb.
TEST BEAM SPECIMEN
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

• After 28 days of curing, the RCb were tested under two-point bending in a
loading frame of 1000kN capacity.
• Total span of beam was 2000mm kept 100mm for end bearing at the two
ends hence the effective span was 1800mm.
• The dial gauge of Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) was
used for recording the deflection of the beams placed just below the center
of beam to measure deflections.
• Then the beam subjected to loading at the rate of 5kN incremental loading
up to the failure of beam. The deflections were measured at the center and
also noted ultimate load and load at first crack.
PREPARATION

• After flexural test of RC beam the cracked RCb then strengthened with
GFRP by three methods of wrapping such as intermitted spacing, cross
over, inclined way.
• These strengthened beams designated as RCint, RCcro, RCinc respectively.
The epoxy resin in the ratio of 2:1 of hardener: Resin by weight was applied
the surface of the cracked RC beam as well as on the surface of GFRP
laminates and wrapped correctly. Should be assured the strong bonding
between beam and GFRP laminates. After 2 days the strengthened beam
dried and ready for testing.
RESULTS

• From experimental data; load deflection curves for all the beams were
drew and compared strengthened RCbeam to RC beam.
• The ultimate load of RC beam is at 85.78KN and RC beam complete
failure occurred at 110KN.The ultimate load of strengthened beam of
RCint, RCcro, and RCinc are reduced at the percentage of 24.39%, 36.82%
and 43.34% respectively.
• Hence among these three strengthened beams RCint shows better strength
property than other two strengthened beams.
• As in the case of deflection the deflection of the RC beam at ultimate load
is 11.46mm.
• The rate of deflection of strengthened beams of RCint, RCcro, and RCinc
are increased at the percentage of 10.64%, 28.27% and 65.57%
respectively.
• Hence the intermitted spacing method of strengthening provided
appreciable strength and deflection properties when compared to
reinforced concrete beam. Figure 2,3,4,5 shows the load –deflection curve
of strengthened and un-strengthened RC beams
 RESULTS
LOAD vs DEFLECTION
S.NO Load (KN)
S.NO Load RCb RCint RCcro RCinc RCb RCint RCcro RCinc
  (KN)

1 5 0 0 0 0 12 60 5.9 6.2 6.71 7.89

2 10 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.2 13 65 6.7 7.8 8.65 10.56

3 15 0.5 0.6 0.82 1.8 14 70 7.6 8.95 9.78 12.48

4 20 0.8 0.75 1.2 2.1 15 75 8.7 9.3 10.2 14.2

5 25 1.3 0.82 1.8 2.4 16 80 10.5 11.7 12.5 16.8
6 30 1.6 1.2 1.92 2.8 17 85 10.8 12.5 14.56 18.0

7 35 2.2 1.28 2.2 3.4 18 90 11.8 14.4 16.8 18.78

8 40 2.8 1.8 2.46 3.92 19 95 14.2 16.6 18.0 20.42

9 45 3.4 2.4 2.8 4.8 20 100 15.5 18.8 20.4 21.8

10 50 3.6 3.2 3.8 5.23 21 105 16.6 19.8 21.8 22.4
11 55 3.82 4.8 5.2 6.78 22 110 18.4 20.2 22.4 24.6
LOAD VS DEFLECTION GRAPH for RCint and RCcro and RCinc

100
90 100 100
90 90
80
80 80
70
70 70
60
Load (KN)

60 60

Load (KN)
50 Load (KN) 50
50
40 40
40
30 30
30
20 20
20
10 10
10
0 0
0 0 8 4 4 8 8 6 2 18
0 6 2 8 4 8 8 3 5
0. 0.8 1.2 2. 4. 7. 9. 12. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6.7 0.5 14.
1

Deflection (mm)
Deflection (mm) Deflection (mm)
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION OF
SPECIMEN

Yield load Deflection at

(KN) yield load
Load at Deflection – (mm)
Specimen Ultimate load Final deflection
S.No first crack first crack
detail (KN) (mm)
(KN) (mm)

1 RCb 24.5 1.25 45.8 3.42 85.78 11.46

2 RCint 20.63 0.78 34.6 1.24 64.8 7.19

3 RCcro 16.86 1.06 28.4 1.87 54.2 4.38

4 RCinc 14.48 1.48 24.6 2.26 48.6 5.16

The factor ductility mainly focused on the ability of the beam to withstand the
inelastic deformation without losing load carrying capacity before the failure of the
beam. The deflection ductility is defined as the ratio of deflection at ultimate load to
the deflection at yield load. Also the deflection ductility ratio is the ratio of deflection
ductility of strengthened beam to the deflection ductility of RC beam. The energy
ductility ratio is defined as the ratio of the energy ductility of strengthened RC beam
to that of energy ductility of un-strengthened RC beam. The energy ductility given by
the equation (1) and table 9 shows the ductility values of beam specimens.
Energy ductility = [1+ (ET/EE)] / 2 ………………….. (1)

Where ET=Total energy up to ultimate load

EE= Elastic energy

DUCTILITY VALUES

S.No Specimen detail Deflection Deflection Energy ductility Energy ductility

ductility ductility ratio ratio

1 3.35 1.00 3.63 1.00

RCb

2 5.79 1.73 5.93 1.63

RCint

3 2.34 0.69 2.73 0.75

RCcro

4 2.28 0.68 2.75 0.76

RCinc
DUCTILITY RATIO OF STRENGTHENED BEAM
2

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2
Ductility ratio

1
Deflection ductility ratio
0.8 Energy Ductility ratio

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
RCb RCint RCcro RCinc

Specimen of beam
 CONCLUSION

 The wrapping of GFRP laminates strengthened the cracked RC beam very

strongly.
 GFRP laminates improved the strength property, load carrying property, and
ductility property of cracked RC beam.
 GFRP laminates wrapped the cracked beam in three methods such as intermittent
spacing, cross over, and inclined way effectively.
 The intermittent spacing RC beam shows excellent strength property, ductility
property and load carrying property and less deflection property than other two
methods.
 Hence the better way of wrapping of GFRP laminates is intermittent spacing.
 REFERENCES
1. V. A. Shanmugavelu, P. N. Raghunath, N. Ramachandran , K. Suguna(2015),” An Experimental Study
on Reinforced Concrete Beams with FRP Laminates”,’Asian Journal of Applied Sciences’,Vol.3,Issue-
3,pp -473-478.

2. S.T.Rushada, S.K.Duggalb, K.K.Shuklac (2017),”A Comparative Study of RC Beams Strengthened

with GFRP Laminates”,’International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research’, Vol.4,
issue -8, pp-1177-1187.

3. R.S.Ravichandran, K. Suguna and P.N. Raghunath (2012),” An Experimental and Analytical Study on
Composite High Strength Concrete – Fibre Reinforced Polymer Beams”,’ International Journal of
Engineering Inventions’, Vol.1, issue-4, pp-58-67.

4. Jincy Josy,Minu Anna Johny (2019),”Effect of GFRP wrapping on flexural behaviour of reinfored
concrete beams”,’International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology’,Vol.6,issue -5,pp-4348-
4353.
 PUBLICATION

“EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

BEAMS USING GFRP LAMINATES" Materials Today: Proceedings. (MATPR-D-20-05727)
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