Introduction

Highway Transportation System:

• A combination of users, vehicles and environment interacting in a loosely
coordinated fashion.
Transportation Project Evaluation
• Study of the expected impacts of alternative investment decisions,
policies, and other stimuli on the operations of existing or planned
transportation systems and their environments
• Economic (quantified benefits and costs)
• Environmental (air and water pollution)
• Technical impacts (mobility, accessibility, and user safety)
 Introduction
Major Stake holders:
• Road Agency
• Road Users
• Community (environment and business)
Who is Interested in Procedures of Project Evaluation
• Transportation Engineers
• Planners
• Policymakers and Legislators
• Transportation Agency Administrators
• Facility Managers and Service Providers
• Environmental groups, General public
 Introduction
• Transportation Projects - Largest public-sector investment
• In Pakistan approximately Rs. 300-400 Billion invested in transportation
facilities each year
• Size of investment levels, multiplicity of transportation system impacts
and stakeholders, necessitates a comprehensive, approach to evaluation
• Environmental legislation initiatives at national level - major changes to
transportation evaluation tools
• Integration of the interests of all major stakeholders in a Transportation
System
• Lack of a holistic approach leads to an unsustainable system which may
incur high social cost
 Current Development
Demand Side
• Increasing population, travel demand
• Higher user expectations
• More stakeholders
• Calls for transparency and accountability in transportation decision-
making
Supply Side
• Aging transportation systems,
• Funding inadequacy, uncertainty
Trends in facility demand intercity by mode
 Trends in facility extent (Mile) 2001

Observation: Highways are most expensive

 Facility Usage (Billion of Passenger Miles) by mode

Observation: Highways are Most Heavily Travelled

 Highways Safety issues
Global Road Crash Fatalities – WHO 2013
• Annually, 1.24 million road crash fatalities
• 20-50 million non-fatal injuries
• 3,400 deaths and 82,200 non-fatal injuries each day
• 90% occur in low- and middle-income countries
• Projection - 5th leading cause of death by 2030
• Total economic cost exceeds over 100 billion $ annually
• Decreasing in developed countries; rising in developing countries
 Highways Safety issues
• Borne by individuals, insurance companies, and government
• Consists of Tangible and Intangible Costs
Tangible costs:
• Market productivity
• Property damage
• Loss of household productivity and workplace costs
Intangible costs:
• Pain and suffering,
• Loss of life
 Current State of Road Safety in Pakistan
Population Growth Trend (1981-2012)
 Current State of Road Safety in Pakistan
Road Network Growth Trend (1991-2012)
 Current State of Road Safety in Pakistan
Vehicle Growth Trend (1981-2011)
 Current State of Road Safety in Pakistan
Traffic Stream Composition in Pakistan - 2012
 Current State of Road Safety in Pakistan
Growth Rate of different vehicle classes 1981-2012
 What this means......?

Thus: transportation agencies now seek

• to identify all possible impacts of projects

• to comprehensively evaluate the costs and benefits of each project

• making decisions based on multiple criteria

• investigating the investment trade-offs

What this means......?
 Transportation Program Development

• In its most complex form, the development of a transportation

program may involve an entire network of various facility types
spanning multiple modes.

• In its simplest form, it may comprise a single project at a specified

location.
Phases of the overall Transportation Program Development
• Network-level planning
• Development of individual projects
• Network-level:
• Programming
• Budgeting
• Financing
Phases of the overall Transportation Program Development
Network-level planning:
• This phase involves an estimation of the demand for a general network-wide
system on the basis of past trends and major shifts in the socio-economic
environment.
• Network-level transportation planning process comprises metropolitan and
statewide planning, each of which is required to have short-term and long-
term transportation improvement programs (TIP)
• Various aspects of network-level systems planning include environmental
inventories, as well as inputs from the management systems for pavements,
bridges, public transportation, intermodal facilities, safety, and congestion.
Phases of the overall Transportation Program Development
Network-level planning:
• Management systems help identify the candidate projects for
improvements in facility condition, safety enhancement and congestion
mitigation.
• Major players at the systems planning phase: federal, state, and
regional agencies, as well as local governments, and citizen groups and
Special interest groups.
• Systems planning yields a network-level plan for facilities that takes due
cognizance of network-level needs.
Phases of the overall Transportation Program Development
Network-level planning:
• It is a continuous process that consists of:

• Inventory of Current Transportation Facilities and Usage (Travel)

• Analysis and Forecast of Population, Employment, Land-use,
Travel Data, and Facility Needs
• Establishing and Evaluating Alternatives for Future Facility
Physical Components or Policies
Phases of the overall Transportation Program Development
Development of Individual project:
• This process is applied to each identified candidate project in the
network, which are identified through the long-range plan or
through the various management systems.
• For each candidate, project development involves design,
construction, management, operation, and post-implementation
evaluation.
Phases of the overall Transportation Program Development
Programming:
• This phase involves the formulation of a schedule that specifies what
activity to carry out, when and where, for each entity in the network
• This is typically accomplished using tools such as ranking,
prioritization, and optimization
• The goal is typically to select the project types, locations, and timings
such that some network-level utility is maximized within a given
budget
Phases of the overall Transportation Program Development
Budgeting:
• While budgeting and programming are intertwined, programming yields
a mix of projects to be undertaken during a given period typically of 1 to
4 year duration. Thus, setting the investment needs and budgeting
involves a reconciliation of what is needed and what would be available.
• Financial planning: A financial plan or program is a specification of cash
flows into (and in some cases, out from) a transportation facility for its
entire period of implementation and operation, or part thereof. This
step follows logically from the development of a program budget.
 Phases of the overall Transportation Program Development
Project Development Process:

A transportation project development process (PDP) can be defined as the

sequence of activities related to the planning, design, construction,
management, operation, and evaluation of transportation facilities
 The Process of Transportation Project Development
• Review of Overall System Plan with Focus on Project Area
• Project Identification (3-5 Years)
• Location Planning
• Evaluation of Existing Conditions
• Social, Economic and Environmental Data
• Definition of Alternative Project Corridors, Links or Nodes
• Informal Public Meetings
• Draft Environmental Impact Report
• Location Public Hearings
• Final Report and EIS Approval
• Location Approval
 The Process of Transportation Project Development
Mitigation: This involves refinement of the project development plans and is
carried out after approval of the location design. Such refinement is often
necessary in order to reduce some adverse impacts that are identified through
public involvement and other means
Right-of-Way Issues
• Land surveys
• Development of right-of-way (ROW) plans
• Acquisition
• Compensation
• Relocation of affected property
• Equitable and fair compensation to affected persons.
 The Process of Transportation Project Development
Facility Designing (Including preparation of contract documents): (2-5 Years)
Engineering Design
• Design Studies and Review
• Public Hearings on Design
• Final Design
• Approval of Final Design
• Detailed Plans and Specifications
• Cost Estimation
Contract Administration
• Preparation of Contract Documents
• Evaluation of Bids
• Contract Award