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Volcanoes: Liquid Hot Magma
Volcanoes: Liquid Hot Magma
• Explosive Eruptions
What is Lava?
-magma that flows onto
the Earth’s surface
1. What did you learn?
Write/draw this in your
science journal.
Vents
Volcanoes form Lava
around vents that
release magma onto
the Earth’s surface.
Magma chamber
The Composition of Magma Determines
whether it is explosive or not!
Lava can be
thick or thin.
Pahoehoe
Aa
Pillow lava
1. Loosen the gelatin volcano from the cups by dipping the cups briefly
in the bowl of hot water.
2. Lay the pegboard on top of a food serving tray to collect drips.
3. Weave the airline tubing into the pegboard from the top and back up
through the bottom so that 2” or so of tubing is sticking up out of the
pegboard. Remove the plunger.
4. Fill the syringe with your prepared “magma.” Remove any air
bubbles from the syringe and tubing by holding the syringe upright
and squirting out a small amount of the liquid. Air tends to fracture
the gelatin.
5. Unmold the gelatin by tipping the bowl over onto the center of the
pegboard on top of the tubing and lifting the bowl. Do this VERY
CAREFULLY so that the gelatin cast won’t develop cracks; a few
small cracks are acceptable. The gelatin cast will spread and settle.
It should resemble a colorless to milky volcano.
6. Inject the red water VERY SLOWLY, at a rate of about 20 ml/min.
Each student should inject about 10mL into the volcano with the
other students watching carefully.
7. What do you observe?
8. Use a plastic knife to slice open the volcano, and view the cross-
section.
3. What did you learn?
Write/draw this in your
science journal.
Lapilli
Volcanic bombs
Volcanic blocks
Volcanic ash
How do volcanoes affect the Earth?
Climatic Changes
•Ash & Gases can block sunlight
•Drop average global temperature
noticeably
Types of Volcanoes
Shield volcano
Composite volcano
Craters, Calderas, and Lava
Plateau
Crater
• From explosions of material out of
the vent and the collapse of material
back into vent
Caldera
• Much larger depression that
forms when magma chamber
empties and its roof collapses
Lava Plateau
• Forms when lava erupts from long cracks, or fissures,
and spreads out evenly (thousands of km)
What causes volcanoes?
The Formation of Magma
• Mantle rock melts when the
temperature increases
or the pressure decreases.
What causes volcanoes?
Where Volcanoes Form
• Tectonic Plate Boundaries!!!
Hot Spots
How do volcanologists predict
eruptions?
• Measuring Small Quakes
– Before eruption, increase in number & intensity
• Measuring Slope
– Bulges may form with magma (tiltmeter)
• Measuring Volcanic Gases
– Outflow of volcanic gases
• Sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide
• Measuring Temperature from Orbit
– Measure changes in temperature over time
You should not be a • You don’t like
hiking,
Volcanologist if…. backbacking,
rockclimbing, etc.
• You are not
interested in
experiencing
extreme
temperatures
and heights.
• If you don’t like to
Robert
McGimsey
travel to
USGS incredible places
and see
breathtaking
views of the
world.
A. Ozerov
1. Place 10mL of baking soda in center of a sheet of
bathroom tissue. Fold the corners over the baking soda
and crease the edges so that they stay in place. Place
the tissue packet in the middle of a large disposable
pan.
2. Put modeling clay around the top edge of a funnel.
Turn the funnel upside down over the tissue packet.
Press down to make a tight seal.
3. Put safety goggles on and add 50mL of vinegar and
several drops of liquid dish soap to a 200mL beaker,
and stir.
4. Predict how much time will elapse before your volcano
erupts. WRITE THIS DOWN!
5. Pour the liquid into the upturned funnel. Using a
stopwatch, record the time you began to pour and the
time your volcano erupts.
6. How close was your prediction?
4. What did you learn?
Write/draw this in your
science journal.