SPACE

FRAMES SUBMITTED BY-

PALLAV KUMAR (2016UAR1152)

KISHORE KUMAR (2016UAR1402)
AKSHAY BHALERAO (2016UAR1246)
SPACE FRAMES
 DEFINITION
A SPACE FRAME OR SPACE STRUCTURE IS A TRUSS-LIKE, LIGHTWEIGHT RIGID
STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTED FROM INTERLOCKING STRUTS IN A GEOMETRIC PATTERN.
SPACE FRAMES CAN BE USED TO SPAN LARGE AREAS WITH FEW INTERIOR SUPPORTS.
SPACE FRAME
• A THREE DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE.
• ASSEMBLED LINEAR ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED TO TRANSFER THE
LOAD. TAKE A FORM OF A FLAT SURFACE OR CURVED SURFACE.
• DESIGNED WITH NO INTERMEDIATE COLUMNS TO CREATE LARGE OPEN
AREA.

HISTORY OF SPACE FRAME

• SPACE FRAMES WERE INDEPENDENTLY DEVELOPED BY ALEXANDER
GRAHAM
• BELL AROUND 1900 AND BUCKMINSTER FULLER IN THE 1950S BUCKMINSTER
FULLER'S FOCUS WAS ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES; HIS WORK HAD GREATER
INFLUENCE.
• IT WAS DEVELOPED IN CALIFORNIA DURING THE 1960S AND INTRODUCED TO THE
SOUTH AFRICAN MARKET IN 1982, SPECIFICALLY DEVELOPED FOR UNSTABLE SOIL
CONDITIONS, THE PANELS FORM A MONOLITHIC STRUCTURE OFFERING SUPERIOR
WALL STRENGTH IN WHICH NO CRACKING WILL OCCUR

DESIGN METHOD
• SPACE FRAMES ARE TYPICALLY DESIGNED USING A RIGIDITY MATRIX. THE SPECIAL
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE STIFFNESS MATRIX IN AN ARCHITECTURAL SPACE FRAME
IS THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE ANGULAR FACTORS.
MATERIAL
S
MANY MATERIALS ARE USED FOR THESE SPACE FRAMES
• STEEL
• TIMBER

1. STEEL:
THIS STEEL MATERIAL WHICH IS USED FOR THE SPACE FRAMES SUSTAIN
MORE LOAD AND CARRY TONES OF WEIGHT.
THIS STEEL IS MOSTLY USED IN NOW-A-DAYS IN A LONG SPAN
STRUCTURES AND HAS TO BE MAINTAINED PROPERY.
2. TIMBER:
THIS TIMBER MATERIAL IS ALSO USED IN THE 19th CENTURY AND BY
USING THIS MATERIAL THE MAINTANIANCE LEVEL IS BECOMING VERY
HIGH.
LOAD DISTRIBUTION
THE SIMPLEST FORM OF SPACE FRAME IS A HORIZONTAL SLAB OF
INTERLOCKING SQUARE PYRAMIDS AND TETRAHEDRA BUILT FROM ALUMINIUM OR
TUBULAR STEEL STRUTS.

SPACE FRAMES CAN BE USED TO SPAN LARGE AREAS WITH FEW INTERIOR SUPPORTS.
LIKE THE TRUSS, A SPACE FRAME IS STRONG BECAUSE OF THE INHERENT RIGIDITY
OF THE TRIANGLE; FLEXING LOADS (BENDING MOMENTS) ARE TRANSMITTED
AS TENSION AND COMPRESSION LOADS ALONG THE LENGTH OF EACH STRUT.
 STRUCTURAL BACKGROUND
A SPACE FRAMES ALONG-SPANNING THREE-DIMENSIONAL PLATE STRUCTURE BASED
ON THE RIGIDITY OF THE TRIANGLE AND COMPOSED OF LINEAR ELEMENTS SUBJECT
ONLY TO AXIAL TENSION OR COMPRESSION, EVEN IN THE CASE OF CONNECTION BY
COMPARATIVELY RIGID JOINTS, THE INFLUENCE OF BENDING OR TORSIONAL MOMENT
IS INSIGNIFICANT.
• A space frame or space structure is a truss-like,lightweight rigid structure
constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern.
• Space frame truss can be used for a platform or overhead structure that spans
large distances without need for internal load bearing support.
• Space frames are advantageous compared to other common structures by
their; light weight, mass production, stiffness, and versatility.
• Space frames are classified into three types according to the number of grid
layers as follows; single, double, or triple layer.
• Space frame connections can be made by; welding, bolting, or
threading.

Space frame construction utilize three main methods of erection;

1. scaffold method
2. block assembly Method
3. Lift-up method.
 TYPES OF SPACE FRAME
1. Curvature classification

Space plane covers

Barrel vaults
Spherical domes

2.Classification by the arrangement of its elements

Single layer grid

Double layer grid
Triple layer grid
TYPES OF SPACEFRAME
• CURVATURE CLASSIFICATION

1. SPACE PLANE COVERS:

• SPATIAL STRUCTURES COMPOSED OF PLANAR SUBSTRUCTURES.
• DEFLECTIONS IN THE PLANE ARE CHANNELED THROUGH THE HORIZONTAL BARS
AND THE SHEAR FORCES ARE SUPPORTED BY THE DIAGONALS.
 TYPES OF SPACEFRAME
CURVATURE CLASSIFICATION
2. BARREL VAULTS:

• HAS A CROSS SECTION OF A SIMPLE ARCH.

• USUALLY THIS TYPE OF SPACE FRAME DOES NOT NEED TO USE
TETRAHEDRAL MODULES OR PYRAMIDS AS A PART OF ITS BACKING.
 TYPES OF SPACEFRAME
CURVATURE CLASSIFICATION
3. SPHERICAL DOMES:

• REQUIRE THE USE OF TETRAHEDRAL MODULES OR PYRAMIDS AND

ADDITIONAL SUPPORT FROM A SKIN.
 TYPES OF SPACEFRAME
CLASSIFICATION BY THE ARRANGMENT OF ITS ELEMENTS

1.SINGLE LAYER GRID:

• ALL ELEMENTS ARE LOCATED ON THE SURFACE APPROXIMATELY.

 TYPES OF SPACEFRAME
CLASSIFICATION BY THE ARRANGMENT OF ITS ELEMENTS
2.DOUBLE LAYER GRID :
• COMMONLY USED SPACEFRAMES ARE DOUBLE LAYERED AND FLAT.
• ELEMENTS ARE ORGANIZED IN TWO PARALLEL LAYERS WITH EACH OTHER AT A
CERTAIN DISTANCE APART.
• EACH OF THE LAYERS FORM A LATTICE OF TRIANGLES, SQUARES OR HEXAGONS IN
WHICH THE PROJECTION OF THE NODES IN A LAYER MAY OVERLAP OR BE
DISPLACED RELATIVE TO EACH OTHER.
 TYPES OF SPACEFRAME
CLASSIFICATION BY THE ARRANGMENT OF ITS ELEMENTS
3.TRIPLE LAYER GRID :
• ELEMENTS ARE PLACED IN THREE PARALLEL LAYERS, LINKED BY THE
DIAGONALS.
• THEY ARE ALMOST ALWAYS FLAT.
• PRACTICALLY USED FOR A LARGER SPAN BUILDING.
 TYPES OF TUBES

Circular hollow section Rectangular hollow section

CONNECTORS

MEMBERS ARE FIXED USING CONNECTORS

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTORS ARE:
NODUS CONNECTOR TRIODETIC CONNECTOR
TUBALL NODE CONNECTOR
HEMISPHERICAL DOME CONNECTOR
 TYPES OF
CONNECTOR
1. Nodus connector:

• IT CAN ACCEPT BOTH RECTANGULAR AND CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS AND THAT
THE CLADDING CAN BE FIXED DIRECTLY TO THE CHORDS.
• CHORD CONNECTORS HAVE TO BE WELDED TO THE ENDS OF THE HOLLOW
MEMBERS ON SITE.
TYPES OF CONNECTOR
2. Triodetic connector:

Consists of a hub, usually an aluminium extrusion, with slots or key

ways.
3. Tuball node connector:

• Hollow sphere made of spheroidal graphite.

• End of the circular hollow section member to be connected is fitted at its ends by
welding Connection from inside the cup is done using bolt and nut.
4. Hemispherical dome connector:

• Usually use for double layer domes.

• Has a span more than 40m.
• More economical for long span.
• The jointing is connect by sliting the end of the
tube or rod with the joint fin.
• Two types of joint: pentagonal joint and
hexagonal joint.
ADVANTAGES OF SPACE FRAMES

• Light.
• Elegant & Economical.
• Carry load by three dimensional
action. High Inherent Stiffness.
• Easy to construct.
• Save Construction Time & Cost.
• Services (such as lighting and air conditioning) can be integrated with
space frames.
• Offer the architect unrestricted freedom in locating supports and planning
the subdivision of the covered space.
• Durable materials & protective
finishes. Construction is simple,
safe and fast.
• No Site Painting or Welding.
DISADVANTAGES

• One major disadvantage is that they can be difficult to

engineer. It's not straightforward to determine how forces
will distribute throughout a structure that has a lot of
redundant pieces.
HEYDAR ALIYEV CULTURAL CENTER,
BAKU, AZERBAIJAN
INTRODUCTION
 THE HEYDAR ALIYEV CENTER, WITH 57,519 M2 BUILT, IS A COMPLEX OF
Heydar Aliyev
BUILDINGS DESIGNED BY BRITISH IRAQI ARCHITECT ZAHA HADID,
Cultural Center
NOTED FOR ITS ARCHITECTURE AND FLUID CURVED STYLE THAT
Architect: AVOIDS SHARP ANGLES.
 THE CENTER IS NAMED HEYDAR ALIYEV, LEADER DURING THE SOVIET
Zaha Hadid Architects, Zaha
Hadid, Patrik Schumacher AZERBAIJAN 1969-1982, AND PRESIDENT OF THE COUNTRY FROM
OCTOBER 1993 TO OCTOBER 2003.
Associate Architect:
 THE HEYDAR ALIYEV CENTER, AN INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED
Saffet Kaya Bekiroglu
ARCHITECTURAL WORK, HAS BECOME A BENCHMARK IN THE MODERN
Year of construction: BAKU, DUE TO ITS INNOVATIVE AND CUTTING EDGE DESIGN.
 THE BUILDING WAS NOMINATED FOR THE WORLD ARCHITECTURE
2007-2012
FESTIVAL AND INSIDE BIENNIAL FESTIVAL IN 2013.
Roof Height: 74m

Length: 10,092m

Floors: 9

Built-up Area: 57.519m2

Location :Baku, Azerbaijan

 STRUCTURE
 The building consists of two main systems that
collaborate: concrete structure combined with
a system of spatial structure.
 large-scale columns allow visitors to
experience the fluidity of the interior,
vertical structural elements are absorbed by
the walls and curtain wall system.
 The special geometry of surfaces promotes
unconventional structural solutions, such as the
introduction of curves "Boot columns" for
reverse shell from the ground surface to the west
of the building, and the "duck tail" resulting
from the narrowing of the cantilever beams that
support the skin of the building on the east side.
 The space frame system allows the
construction of a free form structure and
saves time during the construction
process.
 while the substructure has been developed
to incorporate a flexible connection
between rigid grid of the spatial structure
and sheathing seams freely.

 The glass fiber reinforced concrete and

fiberglass reinforced polyester were
chosen as materials ideal coating.

 Allowing the powerful plasticity building

design while responding to very different
functional requirements related to a
variety of situations: square, transition
zones and sheath.
MATERIALS
 The building, whose distorted grid panels soft polyester
reinforced fiberglass has no visible connections,.
 The construction has been used of reinforce concrete,
formwork and mold steel.
 To shape the outer skin 5,500 tons of structural steel were
needed, creating the 40,000 m2 basis area for panels
made from fiberglass reinforced polyester or with concrete,
a total of almost 17,000 individual panels are used with
different geometries.
THANK YOU