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Chapter 1 : Introduction to Science

1.1 What is Science?
 What is science?

 Importance of science

 Career in science

1.2 A Science Laboratory

 Common laboratory apparatus

 Safety hazards

1.3 The Steps in a Scientific Investigation

 The steps in a scientific investigation

1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units

 Physical quantities and their units

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Chapter 1 : Introduction to Science
1.5 Weight and Mass
 Weight

 Mass

1.6 Measuring Tools

 Measuring length

 Measuring area

 Measuring volume

1.7 The Importance of Standard Units

 The importance of standard units

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1.1 What is Science?
Science is the systematic
study of nature and how it
affects us and our
environment
Science covers a broad
field of knowledge that
deals with observed facts
and the relationship
among those facts

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1.1 What is Science?
Importance of science
Improve our standard of living
Improve the quality of the environment
Understand the world around us
Increase food supply
Prevention and treatment
of diseases

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1.1 What is Science?
Career in science
Doctor
Architect Areas of science are
Engineer
biology, physics,
chemistry, astronomy,
Astronaut
geology, meteorology
Veterinarian
and biochemistry
Pharmacist
Chemist
Computer
programmer

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1.2 A Science Laboratory
Common laboratory apparatus
Apparatus Uses
Crucible Heating chemicals
Test tube Used to contain chemicals
Stopwatch To measure time
Caliper To measure diameters
Thermometer To measure temperature

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1.2 A Science Laboratory
Common laboratory apparatus
Apparatus Uses
Evaporating Evaporating liquid from a solution
dish
Cork and rubber Use as a stopper for test tubes or
stopper conical flasks
Glass slide Hold specimen for observation
under a microscope
Test tube holder Hold test tubes
Syringe Transfer small quantities of liquids
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1.2 A Science Laboratory
Safety hazards

Corrosive Radioactive Toxic/poisonous

Harmful/irritant Explosive Highly flammable

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1.3 The Steps in a Scientific
Investigation
Determine Form a Plan a systematic
what to hypothesis experiment for the
find out hypothesis

Analysing the Write down the

data that has data that has Controlling of
been collected been observed variables

Making
conclusion to Write a report
Interpreting decide whether
the data on the scientific
the data is true investigation
or not
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1.4 Physical Quantities and
Their Units
 A physical quantity is a quantity that can be
measured
Physical quantity SI unit Instrument
Length () metre (m) Metre rule
Mass (m) kilogram (kg) Lever/beam
balance
Time (t) second (s) Stopwatch
Temperature (T) kelvin (K) Thermometer
Electric current (I) ampere (A) Ammeter

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1.4 Physical Quantities and
Their Units
Prefix Symbol Value
giga G 1 000 000 000
mega M 1 000 000
kilo k 1 000
centi c 0.01
milli m 0.001
micro  0.000 001
nano n 0.000 000 001
pico p 0.000 000 000 001
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1.5 Weight and Mass

Weight
The pull of the Earth on an object
The force that pulls the body towards
the centre of the Earth is called
gravitational force
SI unit is Newton (N)
The weight of an object
is not always the same

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Type of tools for measuring weight

A spring A compression
balance balance

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1.5 Weight and Mass

Mass
The quantity of matter in an object
The mass of an object is constant and
not affected by gravitational forces
SI unit is kilogram (kg)
The mass of an object does not change

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Type of tools for measuring mass

A beam
balance A lever balance

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1.6 Measuring Tools
Measuring length
Length is the distance between two points
Its SI unit is the metre (m)
Other units that can be used for length are
kilometre (km), centimetre (cm) and
millimetre (mm)
The relationship between the units of length
1 cm = 10 mm
1 m = 100 cm = 1 000 mm
1 km = 1 000 m = 100 000 cm
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1.6 Measuring Tools
Measuring the length Measuring the length
of a straight line of a curve

Correct

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1.6 Measuring Tools
Measuring the external diameter

Measuring the internal diameter

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1.6 Measuring Tools
Measuring area
Area is a measure of
the amount of a
surface. Its SI unit is
square metres (m2)
The area of regular
and irregular shapes
can be estimated by
tracing the shapes Estimating the area
onto a piece of graph of a leaf
paper
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1.6 Measuring Tools
Measuring volume
R Volume is a measure
of the space
occupied by a
S substances
Its SI unit is cubic
metres (m3)
T Tools for measuring
volume of liquid are
S is the correct measuring cylinder,
eye position burette and pipette

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1.7 The Importance of
Standard Units
Makes it easier for people
from different countries to
communicate with each other
A measurement in that unit
has the same value anywhere
in the world
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THE END
Versi BI Keluar
Bab 1 : Pengenalan kepada
Sains
1.1 Apakah itu Sains?
• Apakah itu sains?
• Kepentingan sains
• Kerjaya dalam sains
1.2 Makmal Sains
• Alat radas makmal
• Simbol berbahaya
1.3 Langkah-langkah dalam Penyiasatan Saintifik
• Langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik
1.4 Kuantiti Fizik dan Unitnya
• Kuantiti fizik dan unitnya

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Bab 1 : Pengenalan kepada Sains
1.5 Berat dan Jisim
• Berat
• Jisim
1.6 Alatan Pengukuran
• Mengukur panjang
• Mengukur luas
• Mengukur isipadu
1.7 Kepentingan Unit Piawai
• The importance of standard units

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 1.1 Apakah itu Sains?
• Sains adalah susunan pembelajaran ke
atas alam sekeliling dan bagaimana
kesannya kepada kita dan persekitaran
• Sains meliputi pelbagai bidang ilmu
pengetahuan

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 1.1 Apakah itu Sains?
Kepentingan sains
• Meningkatkan taraf kehidupan
• Meningkatkan kualiti persekitaran
• Memahami dunia di sekeliling kita
• Menambahkan bekalan makanan
• Mencegah dan merawat penyakit

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Versi BI Keluar
 1.1 Apakah itu Sains?
Kerjaya dalam sains
• Doktor • Cabang dalam sains
• Arkitek adalah seperti biologi,
fizik, kimia, astronomi,
• Jurutera geologi, meteorologi dan
• Ahli astronomi biokimia
• Doktor haiwan
• Ahli farmasi
• Ahli kimai
• Pakar komputer

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Versi BI Keluar
 1.2 Makmal Sains
Alat radas makmal
Alat radas Kegunaan

Mangkuk pijar Memanaskan bahan kimia

Tabung uji Mengisi bahan kimia

Jam randik Mengambil bacaan

Kaliper Mengukur diameter

Termometer Mengukur suhu

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 1.2 Makmal Sains
Alat radas makmal
Alat radas Makmal
Mangkuk penyejat Menyejat cecair daripada suatu
larutan
Gabus dan Digunakan sebagai penutup tabung uji
penutup getap atau kelalang kon
Slaid kaca Memegang spesimen untuk
pemerhatian di bawah mikroskop
Pemegang tabung Memegang tabung uji
uji
Picagari Memindahkan sedikit cecair
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 1.2 Makmal Sains
Simbol berbahaya

Mengakis Beradioaktif Beracun

Merangsang Mudah meletup Mudah terbakar

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 1.3 Langkah-langkah dalam
Penyiasatan Saintifik
Menentukan Membentuk Merancang
tujuan eksperimen
hipotesis
eksperimen secara sistematik

Menganalisis data Merekod data

yang telah yang Mengawal
dikumpul pembolehubah
diperhatikan

Menginterpretasi Membuat Menulis

data kesimpulan laporan
sama
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 1.4 Kuantiti Fizik dan
Unitnya
• Kuantiti fizik adalah kuantiti yang boleh
diukur
Kuantiti fizik Unit SI Peralatan
Panjang () meter (m) Pembaris
Jisim (m) kilogram (kg) Neraca tuas

Masa (t) saat (s) Jam randik

Suhu (T) kelvin (K) Termometer
Arus elektrik (I) ampere (A) Ammeter

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 1.4 Kuantiti Fizik dan
Unitnya
Imbuhan awal Simbol Nilai
giga G 1 000 000 000
mega M 1 000 000
kilo k 1 000
senti c 0.01
mili m 0.001
mikro  0.000 001
nano n 0.000 000 001
piko p 0.000 000 000 001
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 1.5 Berat dan Jisim
Berat
• Tarikan Bumi ke atas objek
• Daya yang menarid jasad ke arah pusat
Bumi dikenali sebagai daya graviti
• Unit SI adalah Newton (N)
• Berat sesuatu objek tidak selalunya sama

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Jenis alat untuk mengukur berat

Neraca pemampat
Neraca spring

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 1.5 Berat dan Jisim

Jisim
• Kuantiti jirim dalam sesuatu objek
• Jisim objek adalah tetap dan tidak
dipengaruhi oleh daya graviti
• Unit SI adalah kilogram (kg)
• Jisim sesuatu objek adalah tidak berubah

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Jenis alat untuk mengukur jisim

Neraca palang
Neraca tuas

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 1.6 Alatan Pengukuran
Mengukur panjang
• Panjang adalah jarak di antara dua titik
• Unit Sinya adalah meter (m)
• Unit lain yang boleh digunakan untuk panjang
adalah kilometer (km), sentimeter (cm) and
milimeter (mm)
• Hubungan antara unit-unit sukatan panjang
1 cm = 10 mm
1 m = 100 cm = 1 000 mm
1 km = 1 000 m = 100 000 cm
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 1.6 Alatan Pengukuran
• Mengukur panjang • Mengukur panjang
garisan lurus garisan melengkung

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• Mengukur diameter • Mengukur diameter
luar dalam

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 1.6 Alatan Pengukuran
Mengukur luas
• Luas adalah ukuran
jumlah permukaan. Unit
Sinya adalah meter
persegi (m2)
• Luas objek sekata dan
objek tidak sekata boleh
ditentukan dengan
melakar bentuk objek di Menganggar luas daun
atas sekeping kertas
graf

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 1.6 Alatan Pengukuran
Mengukur isipadu
R • Isipadu adalah ukuran
yang memenuhi ruang
oleh bahan terlarut
S • Unit SInya adalah meter
padu (m3)
• Alatan untuk mengukur
T isipadu cecair adalah
S adalah kedudukan silinder penyukat, buret
mata yang betul and pipet

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 1.7 Kepentingan Unit
Piawai
• Memudahkan orang ramai dari
negara yang berlainan
berkomunikasi
• Unit pengukurannya adalah sama
di mana-mana tempat di dunia

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tAMAT