Emerging/Miscellaneous Viruses

Human T cell lymphotrophic (HTLV)

virus
Taxonomy:
Family: Retroviridae
Genus: Retrovirus
Species: HTLV-1(1980)
HTLV-2
 HTLV
• Enveloped, icosahedral with ss, linear RNA
Structure • 100 nm

• Sexual contact
Transmission • Blood transfusion/IV drug users

• Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

Disease
• Tropical spastic paraparesis/Chronic progressive myelopathy
 Important Genes of HTLV
Genes Function
gp46 & gp41 Envelope proteins
gag, pol, env Structural genes
tax Transcriptional activator required for
malignant transformation of T cells
rex Governs processing of viral mRNA by
determining which viral mRNAs can exit
the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm to
be translated
 Clinical Findings
• Lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly,
lytic bone lesions, and skin lesions
Adult T cell
leukemia • Hypercalcemia

• Weakness of the lower limbs, and low

back pain
Tropical spastic
paraperesis • Loss of motor function
 HTLV
• Antibody detection (ELISA)
• Western blot
Laboratory
Diagnosis • PCR assay (RNA or DNA detection)

• No antiviral drugs available

Treatment

• No vaccine available
Prevention
 Parvovirus B19
Taxonomy:
Order: Unassigned
Family: Parvoviridae
Subfamily: Parvovirinae
Genus: Erythrovirus
Species: B19 virus
 Parvovirus B19
• Naked, icosahedral with ss, linear DNA
Structure • 22 nm

• Respiratory route, transplacental and

Transmission blood transfusion

• Human
Host
 Parvovirus B19
• Slapped Cheek syndrome/Fifth disease/Erythema infectiosum
• Aplastic anemia
Diseases • Hydrops fetalis

• 1 to 2 weeks
Incubation Period
of Fifth Disease

• Bright red prominent on the cheeks with low grade fever, coryza and sore
throat
Clinical Findings
• Maculopapular rash on face, limbs and trunk (2-4 days)
Of Fifth Disease
• Arthralgia-arthritis
 Parvovirus B19
• IgM Ab
Lab.
• Culture of throat swabs
Diagnosis • PCR (blood or amniotic fluid)

• No antiviral drugs available

Treatment

• No vaccine available
Vaccine
 BK virus
Taxonomy:
Order: Unassigned
Family: Papovaviridae
Genus: Polyomavirus
Species: BK virus
 BK virus
• Naked, icosahedral with ds, circular DNA
Structure • 45 nm

• No established clear transmission possible

Transmission fecal-oral route or blood transfusion

• Neuropathy in renal transplant patients

Disease
 BK virus
• Impair sensation, movement, and
Clinical
Findings
other organ functions

• No antiviral drugs
Treatment

• No vaccine available
Prevention
 JC virus
Taxonomy:
Order: unassigned
Family: Papovaviridae
Genus: Polyomavirus
 JC virus
• Naked, icosahedral with ds, circular DNA
Structure • 45 nm

• No clear established transmission but

Transmission possible fecal-oral route

• PML (Progressive Multifocal

Disease Leukoencephalopathy)
 JC virus
• Visual field defects, mental status weakness and progress to
blindness, dementia and coma
Clinical
Findings • Patient dies within 6 months

• PCR assay of CSF or brain biopsy

Lab.
Diagnosis

• No available antiviral drugs and vaccine

Treatment
 Entero Cytopathic Human Orphan
(ECHO) virus
Taxonomy:
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Picornaviridae
Genus: Parechovirus
 ECHO virus
• Naked, icosahedral with ss, linear RNA
Structure • 28 nm

• More than 30 serotypes

Serotypes

• Fecal-oral-route
Transmission
 ECHO virus
• Infantile diarrhea, aseptic meningitis, upper respiratory tract
infections, febrile illness with or without rash and hemorrhagic
Disease
conjuctivitis
,

Laboratory
• Cell culture
Diagnosis

• No antiviral drugs available

Treatment

• No vaccine available
Prevention
 Hantavirus
Taxonomy:
Order: unassigned
Family: Bunyaviridae
Genus: Hantavirus
Species: Hantaan virus
 Hantavirus
• Enveloped with helical, ss, circular RNA
Structure • 100 nm

• Korean hemorrhagic fever

Disease • Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

• Inhalation of aerosols from rodent ’s urine

Transmission and feces
 Clinical Findings

• Headache, petechial hemorrhages,

shock, and renal failure
KHF

• Influenza-like symptoms followed

by acute respiratory failure
HPS
 Hantavirus
• IgM in serum
Laboratory
Diagnosis • PCR detection of RNA in lung tissue

• No anti-viral drug available

Treatment

• No available vaccine
Vaccine