All organisms and their cells respond to

external conditions to maintain a stable

internal condition. They are maintaining
Homeostasis.
To understand how this works we need
to first discuss the Plasma Membrane.
Polar heads
love water
(Hydrophilic)

Non-polar tails
fearwater Membrane
(Hydrophobic) movement
animation
 II. Movement of Substances
Into and Out of Cells

2 types of transport across membranes:

• Passive- tranport that does not require any

energy. (moves from high to low
concentration)
• Active- transport that requires energy.
(moves from low to high concentration)
 Passive Transport
• Cell doesn’t use energy
• Molecules spread out from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
• (HighLow)

3 types of Passive transport

1. Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion-diffusion with
the help of transport proteins
3. Osmosis-diffusion of water

Weeee!!
!

high

low
 A. Passive Transport:
Simple Diffusio
n Animation

1. Diffusion: random movement of

molecules down a concentration
gradient, from high to low
concentrations
(High to Low)
• Diffusion continues until all
molecules are evenly spaced
(equilibrium is reached)-Note:
molecules will still move around
but stay spread out.
http://bio.winona.edu/berg/Free.htm
A. Passive Transport:
A B
2.Facilitated diffusion:
diffusion of specific particles
through transport proteins
found in the membrane
a.Transport Proteins are
specific – they “select” Facilitated Diffusion
only certain molecules diffusion (Lipid
to cross the membrane (Channel Bilayer)
b.Transports larger or Protein)
charged molecules
 Passive Transport: 2. Facilitated Diffusion

Glucose
molecules
Cellular Transport From a-
High
High Concentration
• Channel Proteins
animations

Cell Membrane

Protein
Low Concentration
Low
channel

Through a  Protein Transport Channel

Go to
Section:
 Osmosis
A. Passive Transport: animation

3.Osmosis: diffusion of
water through a
selectively permeable
membrane
Water moves from
high to low
•Water moves freely
concentrations through pores.
•Solute (green) is too
large to move across.
A solution is a mixture of solutes (things being dissolved) and a solvent (things
doing the dissolving). Water is typically the solvent. (i.e. sugar cube in water, the
sugar is the solute)
 Use new vocab to make Koolaid
Koolaid powder sugar
Solutes = ___________________________& __________

Water
Solvent = ____________

solution
Koolaid drink = ______________

http://www.makash.ac.il/h_school/hst/hstsb/chem/luach/dissolve.jpg
 Water Balance in a Cell

A Simple rule to remember is:

SALT
SUCKS
Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or
outside the cell, it will draw the water in its
direction.
 Types of Solutions
1. Hypertonic: solution with a greater concentration
of dissolved particles than its surroundings.

2. Hypotonic: solution with a lower concentration of

dissolved particles than its surroundings.

3. Isotonic: solution concentration is equal to its

surroundings.
 Hypertonic
1. Cells placed in a hypertonic solution
(environment like salt water) will shrink or
shrivel.

Remember – Salt sucks!

 • Osmosis
Animations for
Hypertonic Solution isotonic, hypertonic,
and hypotonic
solutions

Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration

of solutes and a lower concentration of water than
inside the cell. (High solute; Low water)

shrinks

Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the

solution: Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)! This is why you
get thirsty after eating something salty.
 Hypotonic
Cells placed in a hypotonic solution
(environment like fresh water) will swell
and could burst.

Think hypo - hippo

 • Osmosis
Animations for
Hypotonic Solution isotonic, hypertonic,
and hypotonic
solutions

Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of

solutes and a higher concentration of water than
inside the cell. (Low solute; High water)

Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the

cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!
 Isotonic
Cells placed in an isotonic solution
(environment) will remain the same size.

ISO = Equal or same

 • Osmosis
Animations for

Isotonic Solution isotonic, hypertonic,

and hypotonic
solutions

Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution

is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.

Result: Water moves equally in both directions and

the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)
What type of solution are these cells in?

A B C

Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

 VACUOLES store WATER

OSMOTIC PRESSURE
________________________________________ =
Pressure exerted by the movement of water
during osmosis
 How Organisms Deal • Paramecium
(protist) removing
excess water
with Osmotic Pressure video

•Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them

from over-expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on
the cell wall is called turgor pressure.

•A protist like paramecium has contractile vacuoles that

collect water flowing in and pump it out to prevent them
from over-expanding.

•Salt water fish pump salt out of their specialized gills so

they do not dehydrate.

•Animal cells are bathed in blood. Kidneys keep the

blood isotonic by remove excess salt and water.
 Grocery stores spray water on
their veggies to “plump them
up”

http://www.painetworks.com/photos/gt/gt0461.JPG
SO WHAT?
• This is why it is dangerous to drink sea water-it’s
also a myth that drinking sea water will cause
you to go insane, but people marooned at sea
will speed up dehydration (and death) by
drinking sea water.

• This is also why “salting fields” was a common

tactic during war, it would kill the crops in the
field, thus causing food shortages
Molecules
need to
move
across
membranes
in cells
PROBLEM for CELLS?
Diffusion only moves molecules
from high concentration to low
concentration.
What if cell needs to move a
molecule _________
AGAINST the
CONCENTRATION
GRADIENT?
_______________
(LOWER  HIGHER)
Cell example:
Want to put MORE glucose
into mitochondria when there is
already glucose in there
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpg
CELL EXAMPLE:
DIFFUSION automatically moves oxygen
from HIGHER concentration (in lungs)
to a LOWER concentration (in blood)

CO2 automatically moves

from where there is a
HIGHER concentration
(in blood) to where there
is a lower concentration
(in lungs)

http://www.le.ac.uk/pa/teach/va/anatomy/case2/2_2.html
Video from: http://www.southtexascollege.edu/tdehne/BC_ShockwaveAnimations/08SWF-MembraneStructureAndFunct/08-02-MembraneStructure.swf

PROBLEM for
Cells?

Cell membranes
are
SELECTIVELY
PERMEABLE

See a movie
What if a cell needs to
move _____
LARGE or ______
POLAR
molecules
that can’t get
through the
membrane?

http://www.d.umn.edu/~sdowning/Membranes/membraneImages/jpegimages/diffusionmedium.jpg
PROBLEM for CELLS?
Diffusion happens very slowly
What if cell needs to move
molecules really _______?
FAST
(can’t wait for it to diffuse)

Cell example:
Movement of
+ +
Na & K ions
required to send
nerve signals
http://www.steve.gb.com/images/science/neuron.png
 Cells need a ____
WAY to
____
HELP molecules across
cell membranes that
_______
can’t go across by
___________
themselves
Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot
diffuse across a membrane.
• Passive transport requires no energy from the
cell.
• Active transport is powered by chemical energy
(ATP).
• Active transport occurs through transport
protein pumps.
• Cells use active transport to maintain
homeostasis.
A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of
material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and
exocytosis.

• Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles.

• Endocytosis is the process of taking

material into the cell.

• Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis.

A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of
material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and
exocytosis.

• Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles.

• Exocytosis is the process of expelling

material from the cell.
Kidspiration by: Riedell
• Active Transport
cell does use energy
1. Protein Pumps
2. Endocytosis
3. Exocytosis
This is
gonna
be hard
work!!
high

low
Protein Endocytosis Exocytosis
Pump
 Active Transport
•cell uses energy
•actively moves molecules to where they are
needed
•Movement from an area of low concentration
to an area of high concentration

•(Low  High)
•Three Types:
 Sodium

Types of Active Transport Potassium Pumps

(Active Transport
using proteins)

1. Protein Pumps
-transport proteins that
require energy to do
work
•Example: Sodium /
Potassium Pumps
are important in nerve Protein changes
responses. shape to move
molecules: this
requires energy!
Types of Active Transport

• 2. Endocytosis: taking
bulky material into a cell
• Uses energy
• Cell membrane in-folds
around food particle
• “cell eating”
• forms food vacuole &
digests food
• This is how white blood
cells eat bacteria!
 Types of Active Transport

3. Exocytosis: Forces Endocytosis &

Exocytosis
material out of cell in bulk animations
• membrane surrounding the
material fuses with cell
membrane
• Cell changes shape –
requires energy
• EX: Hormones or
wastes released from
cell
• Animations of Active Transport & Passive
Transport
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