Composite climate of INDIA

STUDENT FACULTY STREAM

Sidra | Prof. Ritu Gulati | M.Arch
Vagisha Prof. Farheen Bano Environmental Design
Zehra
Chandra Shekhar
 Table of content
1. Introduction of composite climate& why
it's found on Gangetic planes.
2. Characteristic of composite climate.
3. What design strategy should follow in
composite climate through sketches.
4. What construction techniques &
selection of material should follow in
composite climate.
5. Case Studies
a) Rang-Mahar, Red Ford, New Delhi
b) Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, New Delhi
c) Indian Institute of Management,
Ahmedabad
 INTRODUCTION
CLIMATOLOGY
Climatology is an important part of Architecture, which deals with the knowledge about climatic
zones and factors, elements of climate for tropical as well as site climate. It also deals with the
thermal comfort and its zones for various seasons, heat, gain and loss, U-values of walls and roofs of
the building.
It is the study of building materials & construction techniques of energy-efficient building design for tropical
climate.
Also, the ventilation system, air movement and daylight illumination, passive system, shading devices, solar
geometry and solar heating and cooling systems, etc.

TYPES OF CLIMATE
Climatic zones are the division of the Earth
climatic zones, according to their average
temperature and rainfall. The regions having
similar climatic factors are group together in
one climatic zone.
Based on the climatic factors, it is subdivided
into six climatic zones in India which are as
follows:
1. Hot and Dry
2. Warm and Humid
3. Moderate
4. Composite Zone
5. Cold Climate
a) Cold and Cloudy
Climate Zone of India Source- Architecture in Hindi
b) Cold and Sunny
COMPOSITE CLIMATE
• Region: Central part of India.
• Shows characteristic of hot and dry, warm and humid and as
well as cold climates.
• Design of buildings here should be guided by longer
prevailing climatic conditions. Uncomfortable periods in each
season need to be prioritized to generate the necessary
guidelines for design.
• Cities: New Delhi, Kanpur , Allahabad, Lucknow.

Example of composite Climate

AREA COVERING THE COMPOSITE CLIMATE
• Composite climate can be seen in the Gangetic plane
• Cities: New Delhi, Kanpur ,Allahabad, Lucknow.
New Delhi experience Composite climate.
• It has a very hot and dry summer, followed by a humid season
with monsoon rains.
• With the departure of the monsoon it gradually becomes
comfortable in autumn,
• Followed by a short winter with the cloudy and wet as well as
sunny periods.
• Before the summer returns there is a comfortable but short
spring season.

SOURCE-
MAP OF NEW DELHI Maps of India
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CLIMATE

1. ALTITUDE: is a distance measurement, usually in the

vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a
point or object.

Temperatures decrease with height. The air is less dense and

cannot hold heat as easily.

2. LATITUDE: Latitude is the measurement of

distance north or south of the Equator.

Temperature range increases with distance from the

equator.
3. WINDS: If winds are warm - they have been blown from a
hot area - they will raise temperatures. If winds have been
blown from cold areas they will lower temperatures.

4. DISTANCE FROM THE SEA(Continentality): a

measure of the difference between continental and marine
climates characterized by the increased range of temperatures
that occurs over land compared with water.

5. OROGRAPHIC EFFECT: Slopes facing the sun are

warmer than those that are not. Thus south facing slopes in
the northern hemisphere are usually warm. However, slopes
facing north in the southern hemisphere are warmest.
 Composite Climate & it’s Elements

The composite zone covers the central

part of India. Some cities that
experience this type of climate are New
Delhi, Kanpur and Allahabad & gang
etic plains. A variable landscape and
seasonal vegetation characterize this
zones. There are 8 key factors that
affects the climate of any zone:-
1- Temperature
2- Rainfall or Precipitation
3- Humidity
4- Air Pressure
5- Wind Speed & direction
6- Solar Radiation
7- Vegetation
8- Sky Cover Climate Zone of India

Source- Architecture in Hindi

Composite Climate’s Elements
1- Temperature -
The maximum & minimum temperature in
summers is in the range between “32° C -
42° C” in day time & “27° C - 32° C”.
In winters temperature range exist
between “10° C – 25° C” in day time &
night values lies in range of “4° C - 10° C”
Equipment for measurement – Thermometer

2- Rainfall or Precipitation -
Monsoon arrive in COMPOSITE CLIMATE
ZONES by either the end of June or the first
week of July, that is why people belongs to
this zone have to face heavy rainfall yearly.
Equipment for measurement – Rain Gauge

All units are in “mm”

3- HUMIDITY
The range of humidity in the atmosphere lies
between “20%-25%” in dry period &
“55%-95%” in wet period.
Equipment for measurement – Hygrometers

All units are in “percentage (%)”

4- AIR PRESSURE -
Monsoon arrive in COMPOSITE CLIMATE
ZONES by either the end of June or the first
week of July, that is why people belongs to
this zone have to face heavy rainfall yearly.
Equipment for measurement – Barometer

All units are in “mb”

5- SOLAR RADIATION
SOLAR RADIATION CHART
12
The intensity of solar radiation is very high
in summer with diffuse radiation amounting 10

to a small fraction of the total. • In 8

monsoons, the intensity is low with 6

predominantly diffuse radiation . 4

2
Equipment for measurement – Pyranometer
0
R
Y
R
Y
C
H IL AY NE LY ST ER ER E R ER
A A R M U U B B B B
U U A R AP JU J G M T O EM E M
N R M U
A PT E C
JA E B O O
V
EC
F S E N D

10 9 8 7 6 4 1

6- WIND SPEED & DIRECTION

This region receives strong winds during
monsoons from the south-east and dry
cold winds from the north-east. ... The
presence of high humidity during
monsoon months is one of the reasons
why places like New Delhi and Nagpur
are grouped under the composite and not
hot and dry climate
Equipment for measurement – Anemometer

All units are in “Kmph”

- WIND DIRECTION or WIND
ROSE DIAGRAM
7- VEGETATION
Majorly “Tropical Dry Deciduous” type
vegetation found in this region with some
part of “Tropical Dry Evergreen”.
Major soil of composite climate zone
is Alluvial soil and mostly in northern plains
or northern Indian states like Punjab,
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar etc.

Example of “Tropical Dry Deciduous” & “Tropical Dry Evergreen”.

8- CLOUD COVER
The cloud cover is correlated to the sunshine
duration as the least cloudy locales are the
sunniest ones while the cloudiest areas are
the least sunny places.

All units are in “%”

Data source- https://www.worldweatheronline.com/, NCERT, ISRO

•DESIGN METHODOLOGIES -
The Design parameters taking in consideration for composite
climate are cumulative of prominently 2 seasons-

hot and dry warm and humid cold

climate
(major time of the year) (least time)
Shading, insulation, plantation, and landscaping are good
strategies to block the heat coming from the sun. In most cases,
shading can reduce indoor temperatures by 10ºC.
Orientation-
•The orientation of the built mass should be such that the longer
facade should be facing the north south direction.
•More openings on the northern face of the building capture the
north light and on he south eastern face for penetration of the
prevailing winds (south-east to northwest).

Air movement-
• Courtyard planning helps in maintaining the
thermal comfort.
• Building should be grouped in such manner to
take advantage of the prevailing breezes
during the time when air movement is
necessary.
• Moderately dense and low rise building are
suitable.
• Mutual shading of the of the external walls,
shelter from the cold winds in the cold season
and shelter from dust, reduction of the
exposed surfaces to solar radiation.
• Cross ventilation is necessary to maintain the flow of fresh air
and thermal comfort of the space.
• Stack ventilation is driven primarily by the natural stack or
convection effect by which warm air rises.
• Use of double height area larger openings.
Window shading- • For window shading one must keep in mind to cut out the
• For window shading one must keep in mind to summer sun and allow the penetration of the winter sun.
cut out the summer sun and allow the
penetration of the winter sun.

• The vegetation along the windows should be

such that it should cut out the summer sun and • The projections for the openings are to be designed following
allow the winter sun as per their biological cycle
(Deciduous trees) the same principle. The prevailing wind movement is front the
south-west so the opening on the facade should not capture the
summer sun to avoid thermal discomfort in the micro
environment of the built mass.
Here H is the total
height from window
sill to the bottom of
the projecting
eaves.
• Horizontal louvers set to the noon mid-winter sun angle and spaced
correctly allow winter heating and summer shading in locations with
cooler winters. As a rule of thumb, the spacing(S) between
horizontal louvers should be 75% of their width (W). The louvers
should be as thin as possible to avoid blocking out the winter sun.

• Use of pergologa is also suggested as it

provides the shade during the summer season.
• Use of jali helps in the air movement and
partially cuts down bright sunlight.
Temperature reduction-
• Use of cavity walls to cut the heat trapping through the
facade. Surface exposed to the sun during the hot an dry
seasons should be light colored.
• Increase the time lag for the heat gain from the surface
through roof and walls.
• Low rise development benefits in absorbing the thermal
mass due to greater contact of walls/floors to the ground.

• Solar chimneys enhance stack ventilation by providing

additional height and well-designed air passages that increase
the air pressure difference.
• Warmed by solar radiation, chimneys heat the rising air and
increase the temperature difference between incoming and
out-flowing air. The increase in natural convection from these
measures enhances the draw of air through the building
Construction Techniques used in Composite Climate

The construction of the building is according to the ECBC standards . The wall and roof construction is layer-by-
layer construction. External Wall is made of double brick of total thickness 220mm. The wall has cement
plaster of 6.4mm thickness on both sides. The inner side of wall is insulated and thickness is 64mm. The
equivalent exterior wall has thickness 0.2938m and U-value 0.440 W/m2 -K. Internal partition walls are made
of single brick construction of thickness 110mm. The internal partition wall has cement plaster of 6.4mm
thickness on both sides. No insulation has been used in the construction of internal partition walls. These walls
have no sun and wind exposure. The detail of each construction element is given below table.
NOTE- ECBC(Energy Conservation Building Code)

Data source– MNIT, JAIPUR

Material Selection for Construction in Composite Climate

The general building materials: Brick & Stone

masonry. Concrete slab , stone wall of 400-500
mm in thickness. USE OF ECO FRIENDLY
MATERIALS: Eco Friendly Materials are
describe as: A product that has been designed to
least possible damage to the environment. For
example - Clay brick , fly ash brick,
OPC(Ordinary Portland Cement), PPC(Portland
Pozzolana Cement), Steel, Recycled Steel etc.

Data source– VNIT, NAGPUR

RANG MAHAL AT THE RED
FORT, NEW DELHI
• The Rang Mahal at the Red Fort royal palace has
spaces suitable for every season.
• Rooms have thick walls and small openings for
summer days and winter nights.
• Verandahs are for evenings and mornings.
• There is a screened balcony that will cut out the sun
but enjoy the monsoon breeze during the humid
season
• There is water stream flowing through the middle and
the screens and awnings that can be raised or lowered
to modulate the light, provide shade, or insulate
against the heat or cold.
 Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, New Delhi
First On-site Zero Net Energy Building of India

PROJECT DETAILS
• Cost : Rs. 209 Cr
• Structure : G+7 Storeyed plus 3
Basements
• Plinth Area : 32,000 Sqm
• General Services : Central Air
Conditioning (Heating Ventilation &
Air-conditioner) 440TR Lifts, Fire
Fighting and Fire Alarm Systems
DG Sets, UPS, Integrated Building
Management System and
Closed Circuit Television systems Roof top BUILDING VIEW
Solar PV system 930 Kwph
• Special Provisions : Fully Automated
Robotic Car Parking Modular
Furniture and Work Stations Sewage
Treatment Plant 30 Kilo Litres
Discharge capacity
• Start of Construction : 25.01.2011
• Completion : 31.10.2013
• Inaugurations : 28.02.2014

Air Flow through the Building

ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING AND LANDSCAPING
• East West Building orientation, separation of different blocks with connecting corridors and central
atrium
• Out of total 79 trees, only 19 trees cut and 11 transplanted
• Building Envelope designed to ensure daylight in 75% occupied area. Access friendly to differently-
abled persons Zero Surface Parking
• Plantation and grassing in more than 50% area outside the building
• Circulation roads and pathways made with grass paver blocks to enable ground water recharge
• Terrace Garden at seventh floor

INTERNAL ROAD WITH PAVER

CENTRAL ATRIUM BLOCKS PERMITTING WATER
PERCOLATION

TERRACE GARDEN
ENTRANCE ATRIUM
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIAL
• Walls with Fly ash bricks and light weight & heat
insulating AAC blocks
• Entire concreting, mortars and plasters with PPC
(Fly-ash Cement)
• Locally available Stone floorings, claddings,
Terrazzo flooring and flooring with broken
Marble and Kota stone
• High reflectance terrace tiles and PUF Insulating Rapidly renewable wooden Composite
for low heat ingress
• Rockwool insulation of outer walls and concrete
surfaces
• Rapidly renewable Bamboo Jute Composite for
door frames & shutters.
• UPVC window with hermetically sealed double
glass (SHGC: 0.32, U value: 1.5 & VLT 59%)
• Calcium Silicate ceiling Tiles
Aesthetically designed and naturally lit work stations Minister Floor in Aakash Block
• Grass Paver blocks in pavements and roads for
ground water percolation
• Low VOC Paints for better indoor air quality
NET ZERO ENERGY
• Capacity of Power Generation - 930 Kilowatt
Peak
• Annual Energy requirement - 14 lakh Unit
(Kilowatt Hour) GRIHA Certificate for
• Annual Energy generation - 14 lakh Unit Exemplary Demonstration of
(Kilowatt Hour) Renewable Technology
• Net Energy Consumption - ZERO
• Total area of Solar panels - 4600 sq. mt.
• Photo Voltaic panels - Mono Crystalline (20%
efficiency)
• No of Panels - 2844
• Nature of Power Generation - Grid Interactive GRIHA 5 STAR Rating
ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEM
1. Energy Efficient Chilled Beam System of Air
Conditioning
• Air conditioning by convection currents rather than air
supply through ducts
• Chilled water circulated right up to the diffuser & to the
chilled beam BUILDING VIEW SOLAR PANNEL
• Chilled beam has provision for draining out any condensed
water
• More than 50% saving in energy consumption on air
conditioning

2. Geo Thermal Heat Exchange System

• Utilizes advantage of difference between ambient
temperature and the temperature below ground level
AIR FLOW IN CORRIEDOR
• Vertical Closed loop system with 32mm dia. High Density
Poly Ethylene U-loops 180 Nos and 80 m deep each
• Reduction of 160Ton of Refrigeration load on cooling
tower and also reduction in consumption of water.
Natural stone Jalli and
3. Regenerative Passengers Lifts connecting corridors
• Energy efficient by converting braking energy into
Electrical Energy
• 7 Nos Machine Room Gearless Lifts of OTIS made

4. Other Energy Efficiency Measures

• Chillers and Air-Handling Unit with Variable Frequency
Driver
• Heat Recovery System (Dedicated Outdoor Air Units)
• Thermostat controls for HVAC
• Liquid Crystal Display lights and Occupancy & Lux Level
Extended roof at 4th floor and terrace level
Sensors, etc.
WATER CONSERVATION
• Recycling of waste water through Sewage
Treatment Plant
• Low discharge water fixtures
• Sensor Urinals & Dual flow Cisterns
• Low demand plants in landscaping
• Geothermal Heat Exchange System
• Rain Water Harvesting
• Use of curing compounds

The Efficient water management makes it zero discharge building

FULLY AUTOMATED
ROBOTIC CAR PARKING
• Parking Capacity - 330 Cars
• Single car retrieval time - 3
Minutes (Max)
• Total cars retrieval time - 40
Minutes (6 Cars Lifts)
 Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad
• Architects: Louis I. Kahn, Balkrisha V. Doshi, National Institute of Design
• Commision: November 1962
• Campus Area : 100 acre (60 acre old campus + 40 acre new campus)
• Design: 1963-70
• Completion: 1974
• Client: IIM (Joint Venture: Government of India, State of Gujarat, Indian
Business Community, and the Ford Foundation)

• Louis Kahn states: “Orientation to wind and shade from sun has given
architectural elements to the composition;” each dorm room has a screen
porch that overlooks a courtyard. These many fragmentations lead Kahn to
call this “A building within a building: one open to sun, the other to
life.” Built out of concrete and brink, Kahn describes: “The plan comes
from my feelings of monastary,” and feels the dormitories proximity to
the school as similar to Harvard Business School.

ENTRANCE GATE OF CAMPUS

LOUIS KHAN PLAZA LOUIS KHAN PLAZA

CAMPUS
LAYOUT
OLD CAMPUS
LAYOUT
OLD CAMPUS
LAYOUT
CONNECTIVITY OF
CAMPUS

• Parking Area has been

provided near the main
entrance to the complex
to minimize disturbances
in the academic area.

PLAN

SECTION

VIEWS
 WIND
• DIAGRAM
Faculty Housing and student dormitories aligned diagonally for capturing wind, avoid direct heat with landscape.
• The IIM consists of classrooms, faculty offices, and a library surrounding a main courtyard and dormitory wings
organized at 45 degrees.
 ACADEMIC
• Academic block divided into four part.BLOCK
• Instead of small courts one large court has been planned in the center to relate to movement around the classrooms,
library, and faculty administration.

Loius khan PLAZA

Academic block

• Self shading of adjacent block on Louis I khan

Plaza.
• Louis I khan plaza designed with Lush Green
Space.

SELF SHADING GREEN SPACE

 DORMITO
RY
“I use the square to begin my solutions because the square is a non-choice, really. In the course of development, I search for the
forces that would disprove the square”-Louis Kahn

Diagram of dormitories Wing

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8

Step 9 Step 10
 KEY POINTS OF
LIBRARY

Triple height makes Monumental

Grand openings leads for more lighting and enough ventilation

Min. use of glass in openings allows only indirect lighting

 KEY POINTS OF
CLASSROOMS
• Courtyard plays major role for students gatherings activities and also learning space.
• Vent leads for lighting and ventilation
 BUILDING
ELEMENTS
• Seating placed on openings to gets leisure and act as interacting-space.
• Openings of the corridors flanking the court are few giving a ritualistic sense to the entire space.
• Vertical wall offset projections made shaded themselves from the sunlight.
• Openings are vertically aligned creates harmony to the design.

SEATING PLACE AND OPEN CORRIEDOR PROJECTION VERTICAL OPENINGS

• STRUCTURAL- Brick, Column

and Lintel

BRICK
&
COLUMN
LINTEL
 ARCH
ES

• The Arches openings in the corridors, adjacent to the

staircases act as viewing galleries offering views of the
landscaped courts.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) Manual of tropical housing and building climate design by O. H Koenigsberger, T. G Ingersoll, Alan Mayhew, S. V Szokolay
2) climate and architecture by Torben Dahl
3) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change,
Government of India 
4) RBM & CW INFRA CONSTRUCTION & EQUIPMENT MAGAZINE
5) International Journal for Research in Engineering Application & Management (IJREAM)
6) iima.ac.in
7) andrew.cmu.edu
8) Youtube.com- videos
9) Architecture in Hindi
THANK
YOU

(20-10-2020) .