Research Proposal For Seminar 1

HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH
PROPOSAL
By
Dr. Shahid Jan kakakhel
1
How to Write a Research Proposal
What is
Research in common language refers to a search for knowledge.
Research?
Research is a scientific and systematic investigation for

information on a specific topic.
Research is the systematic approach to obtaining and

confirming new and reliable knowledge
Research comprises defining and redefining problems,

formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting,
organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching
conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to
determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.
What is a Research Proposal ?
Research proposal as a detailed description of a

proposed study designed to investigate a given
problem.
Research proposal is a planned activity of what the

researcher aims at, how it intends to undertake it,
how will it interpret the results and for whom. 3
Purpose To show Originality, Significance, Feasibility,
Contributions
To show linkages with the already done work in area of

concern and draw to establish its theoretical foundation
accordingly
To guess and sorts out the tasks likely to confront

during the course of research.
To give a schematic view of all the activities

i.e. scope, sources of data, appropriate research
instruments for data gathering and analyses, and
rationalize use of time and other resources
4
• What you intend to study (scope and research questions).

• How you intend to study your topic (methodology).
• Why this topic needs to be studied (significance).
• When you will complete this work (timeline).
• (Occasionally) Where you will conduct this work.
5
Title
• Problem Statement
Introductio • Objectives
n
• Hypotheses
• Significance
Literature Review
6
• Type/ Nature of the Research
• Population & scope of the study
• Sources and types of data
• Research Approach
Research Methodology • Sample Plan: Sample, sample size and
sampling technique
• Data collection techniques
• Theoretical frame Work
• Conceptual Frame Work
• Tools for Data Analyses
Organization of the Theses
References / Bibliography 7
Self
explanatory
Descriptive
Meaningful
For Readers Narrow Topic Topic (Is job
understanding Confined (Stress at satisfaction
Title of the Broad Topic reduces stress
, Clear Scope and work place:
Study (e.g. Stress) at the
direction and Aspects Causes &
Saving time consequences) Workplace)
eye-catching
focused
8
Introduction / Background of the Study
• Top down approach

• Discussion about the importance of the issue
• Theoretical and Empirical Research Work about
the problem
• Description of the current scenario
9
The first and the foremost step for any viable research
are choosing/formulation of the „research problem. The
logical way to formulate the research problem is the top
Statement down approach i.e. moving from general to specific. It
of the
provides a foundation for construction of any research
Research
Problem proposal.
Feasibility
Description about the need, priority and

importance
Identify its general approach existing in

literature, theory or practice.
10
Objectives of
the Research Objectives are the milestones for the journey of
the research inquiry and direction
Relevant and provide solution of part of the

problem
Specific, measurable, achievable, and realistic

and time bound.
11
Research Hypotheses
A hypothesis is defined as a tentative prediction/ claims/ educated

guess of the relationship between two or more variables before
empirical investigation. A statement of a problem showing
relationship between the dependent and independent variables.
Polio cases are

Training of employee’s Work place satisfaction
decreasing with the
increases work place reduces employees turn
increase in the frequency
productivity. over
of vaccinations
12
Significance It Shows the contribution of the proposed research in refining,

of the improving, or extending existing knowledge in the area under
Research research. Shows how the intended results will affect the theory,
practice, educational interventions, curricula, counseling, policy etc.
What is the uniqueness, Urgency of the problem and how

its results are likely influence the theory? It contribution to
the stream of knowledge
Beneficiaries/Usefulness of the research for the organization /

or society.
In addition it will make into the certainty of information
thereby facilitating decision making
What suggestions for subsequent research arise from the findings?
13
Review of Literature
The review of literature provides a solid and comprehensive knowledge base

to researchers
The review of the literature provides the background and context for the
research problem. It should establish the need for the research and indicate that
the writer is knowledgeable about the area. Reviewing the literature
lt occupies very important place in developing research proposal and writing
research report.
Working with literature is an essential part of the research process because it

helps to; generates ideas, form appropriate questions and facilitate process of
research designing.
14
• Working with Literature
• Findings
– Knowing the Literature types
– Using available resources
– improving your Search skills
• Management
– Reading Efficiently
– Keeping track of references
– Writing relevant comments
15
• Use
– Choosing your research topic
– Developing your question
– Arguing your Rationale
– Informing your work with theory
– Designing Method
• Review it
– Understanding the literature review’s purpose
– Ensuring adequate coverage
– Writing purposefully
– Working on style
16
Research Methodology
• Appropriate use of research methodology provides reliability, validity and
the accuracy to the research.
• The methods or procedures section is really the heart of the research
proposal.
• Type/ Nature of the Research: Is the intended research is descriptive,
exploratory or causal or combination of any?
• Sources and types of data: Will the research attempt to explore primary
sources or secondary sources of data or both.
• Scope of the study
• Who are the respondents- Sample (n)
• How many are the respondents- Sample size
• How these respondents are selected – sampling technique (s) employed.
• Data collection instruments
17
Theoretical frame Work
Helps the researcher to clearly see the variables of the

study
It can provide him with a general framework for data

analysis
It is essential in preparing a research proposal using

descriptive and experimental methods.
18
Conceptual Frame
Work
Most of the exploratory and causal types of the research take kick start
from and alongside the conceptual flow chart.
A concept is an image or symbolic representation of an abstract idea.

While the theoretical framework is the theory on which the study is based,
the conceptual framework is the operationalization of the theory.
Aside from showing the direction of the study to the researcher, he can
be able to show the relationships of the different constructs that he wants
to investigate. It is methodological flow chart of the intended research.
19
Analytical Tools
 Techniques for the empirical analysis
20
Chapterization/Organization of the Thesis
• Chapter-1: Introduces the research study and dissertation

• Chapter-2: Presents Review of the Related Literature
• Chapter-3: Offers detailed explanation of the research methodology
followed during the course of research.
• Chapter-4: Data and Data Analyses
• Chapter-5: Research Findings and Conclusions
• Chapter-6: Recommendations
• References: Gives information about the citation and references
styles 21
References
It includes only those sources of information which have

been cited in side the text under the parentheses citations.
Bibliography
It includes all sources of information which have consulted

during the course of research study in hand. Irrespective they
were cited or not cited.
22

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HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH

Research is a scientific and systematic investigation for

Research is the systematic approach to obtaining and

Research comprises defining and redefining problems,

What is a Research Proposal ?

Research proposal as a detailed description of a

Research proposal is a planned activity of what the

To show linkages with the already done work in area of

To guess and sorts out the tasks likely to confront

To give a schematic view of all the activities

• What you intend to study (scope and research questions).

• (Occasionally) Where you will conduct this work.

Introduction / Background of the Study

• Top down approach

Description about the need, priority and

Identify its general approach existing in

Relevant and provide solution of part of the

Specific, measurable, achievable, and realistic

A hypothesis is defined as a tentative prediction/ claims/ educated

Polio cases are

Significance It Shows the contribution of the proposed research in refining,

What is the uniqueness, Urgency of the problem and how

Beneficiaries/Usefulness of the research for the organization /

The review of literature provides a solid and comprehensive knowledge base

Working with literature is an essential part of the research process because it

• Working with Literature

Theoretical frame Work

Helps the researcher to clearly see the variables of the

It can provide him with a general framework for data

It is essential in preparing a research proposal using

A concept is an image or symbolic representation of an abstract idea.

 Techniques for the empirical analysis

• Chapter-1: Introduces the research study and dissertation

It includes only those sources of information which have

It includes all sources of information which have consulted

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